Editing Maimonides (section)

===Thirteen principles of faith===<!-- This section is linked from [[Judaism]] and [[Yigdal]] -->
{{Main|Jewish principles of faith}}
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In his commentary on the Mishnah ([[Sanhedrin (tractate)|Tractate Sanhedrin]], chapter 10), Maimonides formulates his "13 principles of faith"; and that these principles summarized what he viewed as the required beliefs of Judaism:
# The [[existence of God]].
# God's [[Divine simplicity#In Jewish thought|unity]] and indivisibility into elements.
# God's [[spirituality]] and [[incorporeal]]ity.
# God's [[eternity]].
# [[God in Judaism#To God alone may one offer prayer|God alone]] should be the object of [[worship]].
# [[Revelation]] through God's [[prophet]]s.
# The preeminence of [[Moses]] among the prophets.
# That the entire Torah (both the Written and Oral law) are of Divine origin and were dictated to Moses by God on Mt. Sinai.
# The [[Torah]] given by Moses is permanent and will not be replaced or changed.
# God's awareness of all human actions and thoughts.
# Reward of righteousness and punishment of evil.
# The coming of the [[Jewish Messiah]].
# The [[resurrection of the dead]].

Maimonides is said to have compiled the principles from various Talmudic sources. These principles were controversial when first proposed, evoking criticism by Rabbis [[Hasdai Crescas]] and [[Joseph Albo]], and were effectively ignored by much of the Jewish community for the next few centuries.<ref>''Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought'', Menachem Kellner</ref> However, these principles have become widely held and are considered to be the cardinal principles of faith for [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]].<ref>See, for example: [[Marc B. Shapiro]]. ''The Limits of Orthodox Theology: Maimonides' Thirteen Principles Reappraised''. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization (2011). pp. 1–14.</ref> Two poetic restatements of these principles ({{transliteration|he|[[Ani Ma'amin]]}} and {{transliteration|he|[[Yigdal]]}}) eventually became canonized in many editions of the [[Siddur]] (Jewish prayer book).<ref>e.g. {{cite web |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Siddur_Edot_HaMizrach%2C_Additions_for_Shacharit%2C_Thirteen_Principles_of_Faith.3?ven=Sefaria_Community_Translation&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en |title=Siddur Edot HaMizrach 2C, Additions for Shacharit: Thirteen Principles of Faith |website=sefaria.org |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128013032/https://www.sefaria.org/Siddur_Edot_HaMizrach%2C_Additions_for_Shacharit%2C_Thirteen_Principles_of_Faith.3?ven=Sefaria_Community_Translation&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

The omission of a list of these principles as such within his later works, the {{transliteration|he|Mishneh Torah}} and ''[[The Guide for the Perplexed]]'', has led some to suggest that either he retracted his earlier position, or that these principles are descriptive rather than prescriptive.<ref>{{cite book |last=Landau |first=Rabbi Reuven |date=1884 |publisher=Chernovitsi |title=Sefer Degel Mahaneh Reuven |url=https://hebrewbooks.org/3998 |access-date=27 September 2020 |oclc=233297464 |language=he |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805233252/https://hebrewbooks.org/3998 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Jeremy |journal=The Torah U-Madda Journal |title=Rabbi Reuven Landau and the Jewish Reaction to Copernican Thought in Nineteenth Century Europe |year=2008 |publisher=Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, an affiliate of Yeshiva University |volume=15 |issue=2008 |pages=112–142 |jstor=40914730 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914730 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102002842/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914730 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shapiro |first=Marc B. |journal=The Torah U-Madda Journal |title=Maimonides' Thirteen Principles: The Last Word in Jewish Theology? |year=1993 |publisher=Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, an affiliate of Yeshiva University |volume=4 |issue=1993 |pages=187–242 |jstor=40914883 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914883 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004020839/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914883 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Levy |first=David B. |title=Book Review: New Heavens and a New Earth: The Jewish Reception of Copernican Thought |publisher=Journal of Jewish Identities |volume=8(1) |issue=2015 |pages=218–220 |url=https://touroscholar.touro.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=tcl_pubs |website=touroscholar.touro.edu |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711211629/https://touroscholar.touro.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=tcl_pubs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Jeremy |title=New Heavens and a New Earth: The Jewish Reception of Copernican Thought |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-975479-3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754793.001.0001}}</ref>