Editing London Borough of Hackney (section)

== Demography ==
[[File:Hackney population pyramid.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of the Borough of Hackney in 2021]]
{{Historical populations
|type = UK
|title = Population
|footnote = Source: [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10056858&c_id=10001043&add=N ''A Vision of Britain through time'']
|1801 |14609
|1811 |19523
|1821 |25342
|1831 |35482
|1841 |68246
|1851 |94961
|1861 |172385
|1871 |249810
|1881 |327234
|1891 |369209
|1901 |374132
|1911 |379120
|1921 |368469
|1931 |358117
|1941 |305501
|1951 |260626
|1961 |240521
|1971 |221975
|1981 |179536
|1991 |187792
|2001 |202819
|2011 |246270
|2021 |259147
}}
In 1801, the [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]]es that form the modern borough had a total population of 14,609. This rose steadily throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; reaching 95,000 in the middle of that century. When the railways arrived the rate of [[population growth]] increased&nbsp;— reaching nearly 374,000 by the turn of the century. This increase in population peaked before World War I, falling slowly in the aftermath until World War II began an exodus from London towards the [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new towns]] under the [[Patrick Abercrombie|Abercrombie Plan for London]] (1944).<ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10056858&c_id=10001043&add=N ''A Vision of Britain through time'']. Retrieved 20 February 2009.</ref> The population is now rising again, and the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]] gives Hackney a population of 202,824.<ref>Statistics for ethnicity [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8919], country of birth [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8279], and religion {{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk%3D8288 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110220738/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8288 |archive-date=10 January 2009 |access-date=5 February 2010}} are from the [[UK census]].</ref>

The population is ethnically diverse. Of the resident population, 89,490 (44%) people describe themselves as [[White British]]. 24,861 (12%) are in other White [[ethnic group]]s, 50,009 (24%) are Black or Black British, 19,791 (9%) are Asian or Asian British, 8,501 (4%) describe themselves as 'Mixed', and 6,432 (3%) as Chinese or Other.

[[File:Stamford hill.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stamford Hill]], along with neighbouring West Hackney, Clapton and Stoke Newington, has a large [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jewish]] population.]]

There is also a large [[British Turks|Turkish]] and [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] population resident in Hackney.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Hackney |date=2019-02-03 |title=Beyond kebabs: Hackney's Turkish speakering community |url=http://www.hackneymagazine.com/beyond-kebabs-hackneys-turkish-speakers/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Hackney Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kurdish community in London |url=https://anfenglish.com/special/the-kurdish-community-in-london-4497 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=ANF News |language=en}}</ref> Turkish and Kurdish communities are located in all parts of the borough, though there is a greater concentration in north and central Hackney.

132,931 (66%) of the resident population were British born. A further 10,095 (5%) were born in other parts of Europe, and the remaining 59,798 (29%) born elsewhere in the world.

2018 estimates<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/percentage-population-religion-borough?resource=abfb6175-f489-4c6e-add2-f4d323183224|title=Population by Religion, Borough – London Datastore}}</ref> are that Christianity is the biggest religion in Hackney, with 31% of residents identifying Christian; 13% identified as Muslim, 10% Jewish, and 7% belonged to other religions. A further 38% either have no religion, or did not submit a response. In numerical terms, Hackney has the second largest Jewish population of any local authority in the United Kingdom, after the [[London Borough of Barnet]] (and in percentage terms, third after Barnet and the [[Hertsmere]] borough of [[Hertfordshire]]).

32% of households are owner–occupied.

The largest rise of ethnic groups between 2001 and 2011 was "Other", which increased by 222%. This was followed by "Mixed", which rose by 84%.

According to the GLA Population Estimate for 2018, 36.4% of the borough's population are White British, 18.1% are "Other White", 10.3% are of Black African heritage, and 6.4% are of Black Caribbean heritage. Hackney is also home to several smaller Asian communities.

===Ethnicity===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
! rowspan="3" |Ethnic Group
! colspan="14" |Year
|-
! colspan="2" |1966 estimations<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frasure |first=Robert C. |date=1971 |title=Constituency Racial Composition and the Attitudes of British M. P.'s |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/421299 |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.2307/421299 |jstor=421299 |issn=0010-4159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=KRAMER |first=DANIEL C. |title=White Versus Colored in Britain: An Explosive Confrontation? |date=1969 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40969991 |journal=Social Research |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=585–605 |jstor=40969991 |issn=0037-783X}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1971 estimations<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tim Butler |first=Chris Hamnett |title=Ethnicity, class and aspiration |url=https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/ethnicity-class-and-aspiration |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Policy Press |page=66}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1981 estimations<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicityin1991c0000unse |title=Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration |date=1996 |publisher=London : HMSO |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-11-691655-6}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1991 census<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicityin1991c0000unse |title=Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration |date=1996 |publisher=London : HMSO |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-11-691655-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1991 census – theme tables |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/asv2htm.aspx |access-date=20 January 2017 |publisher=NOMIS |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930205650/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/asv2htm.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001 census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/submit.asp?forward=yes&menuopt=201&subcomp= |title=KS006 – Ethnic group  |publisher=NOMIS |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011 census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS201EW/view/1946157259?cols=measures |title=Ethnic Group by measures |publisher=NOMIS |access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]: Total 
!–
!92.9%
!–
!85.1%
!131,797
!73.2%
!124,090
!66%!! 120,468 !! 59.4% !! 134,617 !! 54.7%
!137,709
!53.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | White: [[White British|British]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 89,490 || 44.1% || 89,030 || 36.2%
|87,927
|33.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | White: [[White Irish|Irish]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 6,117 || 3.0% || 5,216 || 2.1%
|5,582
|2.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | White: [[White Gypsy or Irish Traveller|Gypsy or Irish Traveller]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–||  –||  –|| 474 || 0.2%
|248
|0.1%
|-
|White: Roma
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|865
|0.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | White: [[Other White|Other]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 24,861 || 12.3% || 39,897 || 16.2%
|43,087
|16.6%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[Black British people|Black or Black British]]: Total 
!–
!–
!–
!–
!33,171
!18.4%
!41,903
!22.3%!! 50,009 !! 24.7% !! 56,858 !! 23.1%
!54,645
!21.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|African]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|7,701
|4.3%
|12,886
|6.9%|| 24,290 || 12.0% || 27,976 || 11.4%
|29,478
|11.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|Caribbean]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|19,330
|10.7%
|21,321
|11.3%|| 20,879 || 10.3% || 19,168 || 7.8%
|17,903
|6.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Black or Black British: [[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom|Other Black]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|6,140
|
|7,696
| || 4,840 || 2.4% || 9,714 || 3.9%
|7,264
|2.8%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[British Asian|Asian or Asian British]]: Total  
!–
!–
!–
!–
!11,411
!6.3%
!16,550
!8.8%!! 19,791 !! 9.8% !! 25,867 !! 10.5%
!26,885
!10.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Asian or Asian British: [[British Indians|Indian]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|5,405
|
|6,629
| || 7,624 || 3.8% || 7,599 || 3.1%
|8,832
|3.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Asian or Asian British: [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,489
|
|1,845
| || 2,165 || 1.1% || 1,905 || 0.8%
|2,461
|0.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Asian or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,824
|
|3,446
| || 5,970 || 2.9% || 6,180 || 2.5%
|6,554
|2.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Asian or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,308
|
|2,016
| || 2,377 || 1.2% || 3,436 || 1.4%
|3,459
|1.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,385
|
|2,614
| || 1,655 || 0.8% || 6,747 || 2.7%
|5,579
|2.2%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed or British Mixed]]: Total 
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–!! 8,501 !! 4.2% !! 15,869 !! 6.4%
!17,487
!6.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Mixed: White and Black Caribbean 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 3,075 || 1.5% || 4,989 || 2.0%
|4,749
|1.8%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Mixed: White and Black African 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 1,599 || 0.8% || 2,866 || 1.2%
|2,735
|1.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Mixed: White and Asian 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 1,576 || 0.8% || 3,020 || 1.2%
|3,691
|1.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Mixed: Other Mixed 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 2,251 || 1.1% || 4,994 || 2.0%
|6,312
|2.4%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Other: Total 
!–
!–
!–
!–
!3,764
!
!5,357
! !! 4,055 !! 2.0% !! 13,059 !! 5.3%
!22,421
!8.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Other: Arab
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–||  –||  –|| 1,721 || 0.7%
|2,342
|0.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Other: Any other ethnic group 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 4,055 || 2.0% || 11,338 || 4.6%
|20,079
|7.7%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Ethnic minority: Total 
!–
!7.1%
!–
!14.9%
!48,348
!26.8%
!63,810
!33%!! 82,356 !! 40.7% !! 111,653 !! 45.3%
!121,438
!46.9%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Total 
!–
!100%
!–
!100%
!180,145
!100%
!187,900
!100%!! 202,824 !! 100% !! 246,270 !! 100%
!259,147
!100%
|}

===Religion===

The following shows the religious identity of residents residing in Hackney according to the census results.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Religion
! colspan="2" |1971 estimates<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ginsberg |first=Yona |date=1985 |title=Fear of Crime among Elderly Jews in Boston and London |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2190/L3TA-NP58-5VCH-PL7T |journal=The International Journal of Aging and Human Development |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=257–268 |doi=10.2190/L3TA-NP58-5VCH-PL7T |pmid=6536637 |issn=0091-4150}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1995 estimates<ref>{{Cite web |title=A PROFILE OF BRITISH JEWRY - 1995 |url=https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/a_pr/A%20PROFILE%20OF%20BRITISH%20JEWRY.pdf |page=12}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2021 census<ref>{{cite web |date=29 Nov 2022 |title=Religion - 2021 census |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129115419/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1 |archive-date=29 Nov 2022 |access-date=16 Dec 2022 |website=Office of National Statistics}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Holds religious beliefs
!–
!–
!–
!–
!139,902
!69.0
!153,170
!62.2
!142,592
!55.0
|-
|[[Christians|Christian]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |94,431
| align="right" |46.6
| align="right" |95,131
| align="right" |38.6
| align="right" |79,499
| align="right" |30.7
|-
|[[Muslim]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |27,908
| align="right" |13.8
| align="right" |34,727
| align="right" |14.1
| align="right" |34,578
| align="right" |13.3
|-
|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |1,725
| align="right" |0.9
| align="right" |1,872
| align="right" |0.8
| align="right" |1,867
| align="right" |0.7
|-
|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |1,637
| align="right" |0.8
| align="right" |1,577
| align="right" |0.6
| align="right" |1,998
| align="right" |0.8
|-
|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |2,321
| align="right" |1.1
| align="right" |3,075
| align="right" |1.2
| align="right" |2,343
| align="right" |0.9
|-
|[[Jews|Jewish]]
|30,000
|14%
|17,900
|9.9%
| align="right" |10,732
| align="right" |5.3
| align="right" |15,477
| align="right" |6.3
| align="right" |17,426
| align="right" |6.7
|-
|Other religion
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |1,148
| align="right" |0.6
| align="right" |1,311
| align="right" |0.5
| align="right" |4,879
| align="right" |1.9
|-
!No religion
!–
!–
!–
!–
! align="right" |38,607
! align="right" |19.0
! align="right" |69,454
! align="right" |28.2
! align="right" |94,113
! align="right" |36.3
|-
!Religion not stated
!–
!–
!–
!–
! align="right" |24,315
! align="right" |12.0
! align="right" |23,646
! align="right" |9.6
! align="right" |22,442
! align="right" |8.7
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Total population
!–
!100%
!–
!100%
! align="right" |202,824
! align="right" |100%
! align="right" |246,270
! align="right" |100%
! align="right" |259,147
! align="right" |100%
|}

===Other statistics===
In a 2007 report, every ward of Hackney was among the 10% most deprived in the country, with 47% of children living in low-income households.<ref name=audit>[http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/Products/CPA-CORP-ASSESS-REPORT/4EDFC845-9AD0-49BE-9840-E8033258CC58/HackneyCAREP.pdf ''Corporate Assessment Report: London Borough of Hackney''], The Audit Commission, August 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2007.</ref>

Hackney had a reputation as one of the most crime-ridden London boroughs, and some of its streets have even been referred to as "Murder Mile",<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/apr/22/tonythompson.theobserver1|title=Two more die on 'murder mile'|first=Tony |last=Thompson|date=21 April 2001|newspaper=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> but cooperation between local police and council has resulted in the borough experiencing a bigger drop in crime than in any other London borough in the four-year period up to 2007 (28% reduction).<ref>[http://www.hackney.gov.uk/hackney-today-157-part1.pdf ''Hackney Today'' '''157''' 23 April 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630142858/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/hackney-today-157-part1.pdf |date=30 June 2007 }}. Retrieved 6 June 2007.</ref>{{Obsolete source|reason=|date=May 2022}}

In the 2011 census, Hackney had the highest rate of commuters travelling by bicycle in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/ward-profiles-and-atlas|title=Ward Profiles and Atlas – London Datastore}}</ref>