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===Stem-group tardigrades=== [[File:OrstenTardigrade.jpg|thumb|Artistic reconstruction of the β[[Orsten]]β tardigrade, a parasitic stem-lineage tardigrade, known from fossils recovered from the Cambrian Kuonamka Formation of Siberia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maas |first1=Andreas |last2=Waloszek |first2=Dieter |date=2001-01-01 |title=Cambrian Derivatives of the Early Arthropod Stem Lineage, Pentastomids, Tardigrades and Lobopodians An 'Orsten' Perspective |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044523104700443 |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology |language=en |volume=240 |issue=3 |pages=451β459 |doi=10.1078/0044-5231-00053 |bibcode=2001ZooAn.240..451M |issn=0044-5231}}</ref>]] Lobopodian taxa of the tardigrade stem-group is unclear.<ref name=":0" /> ''[[Aysheaia]]''<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":28" /> or ''[[Onychodictyon]] ferox''<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name=":2" /> had been suggest to be a possible member, based on the high claw number (in ''Aysheaia'') and/or terminal lobopods with anterior-facing claws (in both taxa).<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Although not widely accepted, there are even suggestions that Tardigrada itself representing the basalmost panarthropod or branch between the arthropod stem-group.<ref name=":25" /> However, a paper in 2023 found luolishaniids to be the closest relatives of tardigrades using various morphological characteristics. <ref name="Kihm2023">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.2211251120 |title=Cambrian lobopodians shed light on the origin of the tardigrade body plan |year=2023 |last1=Kihm |first1=Ji-Hoon |last2=Smith |first2=Frank W. |last3=Kim |first3=Sanghee |last4=Rho |first4=Hyun Soo |last5=Zhang |first5=Xingliang |last6=Liu |first6=Jianni |last7=Park |first7=Tae-Yoon S. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=120 |issue=28 |pages=e2211251120 |pmid=37399417 |doi-access=free |pmc=10334802|bibcode=2023PNAS..12011251K }}</ref>
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