Editing Little Ice Age (section)

===South America===
{{see also|White Earthquake}}
Tree-ring data from [[Patagonia]] show cold episodes from 1270 and 1380 and from 1520 to 1670, during the events in the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name="Villalba1990">{{cite journal |last1=Villalba |first1=Ricardo |author-link=Ricardo Villalba |year=1990 |title=Climatic fluctuations in northern Patagonia during the last 1000 years as inferred from tree-ring records |journal=[[Quaternary Research]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=346–60 |bibcode=1990QuRes..34..346V |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(90)90046-N |s2cid=129024705}}</ref><ref name="Villalba1994">{{cite journal |last1=Villalba |first1=Ricardo |author-link=Ricardo Villalba |year=1994 |title=Tree-ring and glacial evidence for the medieval warm epoch and the little ice age in southern South America |journal=[[Climatic Change (journal)|Climatic Change]] |volume=26 |issue=2–3 |pages=183–97 |bibcode=1994ClCh...26..183V |doi=10.1007/BF01092413 |s2cid=189877440}}</ref> Eight sediment cores taken from [[Puyehue Lake]] have been interpreted as showing a humid period from 1470 to 1700, which the authors describe as a regional marker of the onset of the Little Ice Age.<ref name="S2005">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.yqres.2005.06.005 |bibcode=2005QuRes..64..163B |title=Temporal evolution of sediment supply in Lago Puyehue (Southern Chile) during the last 600 yr and its climatic significance |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=163 |last1=Bertrand |first1=Sébastien |last2=Boës |first2=Xavier |last3=Castiaux |first3=Julie |last4=Charlet |first4=François |last5=Urrutia |first5=Roberto |last6=Espinoza |first6=Cristian |last7=Lepoint |first7=Gilles |last8=Charlier |first8=Bernard |last9=Fagel |first9=Nathalie |year=2005 |hdl=2268/24732 |s2cid=20090174 |url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/24732 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A 2009 paper details cooler and wetter conditions in southeastern South America between 1550 and 1800 by citing evidence obtained via several proxies and models.<ref name="Inka">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2672-9_16 |chapter=The Little Ice Age in Southern South America: Proxy and Model Based Evidence |title=Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions |volume=14 |pages=395–412 |series=Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research |year=2009 |last1=Meyer |first1=Inka |last2=Wagner |first2=Sebastian |isbn=978-90-481-2671-2 }}</ref> [[Oxygen-18|<sup>18</sup>O]] records from three Andean ice cores show a cool period from 1600 to 1800.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Thompson | first1 = L. G. | last2 = Mosley-Thompson | first2 = E. | last3 = Davis | first3 = M. E. | last4 = Lin | first4 = P. N. | last5 = Henderson | first5 = K. | last6 = Mashiotta | first6 = T. A. | chapter = Tropical Glacier and Ice Core Evidence of Climate Change on Annual to Millennial Time Scales | doi = 10.1007/978-94-015-1252-7_8 | title = Climate Variability and Change in High Elevation Regions: Past, Present & Future | series = Advances in Global Change Research | volume = 15 | pages = 137–155 | year = 2003 |isbn=978-90-481-6322-9| s2cid = 18990647 }}</ref>

Although it is only anecdotal evidence, the [[Antonio de Vea expedition]] entered [[San Rafael Lake]] in 1675 through Río Témpanos (Spanish for "Ice Floe River"). The Spanish mentioned no [[drift ice|ice floe]] but stated that the [[San Rafael Glacier]] did not reach far into the lagoon. In 1766, another expedition noticed that the glacier reached the lagoon and [[ice calving|calved]] into large [[icebergs]]. [[Hans Steffen]] visited the area in 1898 and noticed that the glacier penetrated far into the lagoon. Such historical records indicate a general cooling in the area between 1675 and 1898: "The recognition of the LIA in northern Patagonia, through the use of documentary sources, provides important, independent evidence for the occurrence of this phenomenon in the region."<ref name=Araneda2006>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0959683607082414 |bibcode=2007Holoc..17..987A |title=Historical records of San Rafael glacier advances (North Patagonian Icefield): Another clue to 'Little Ice Age' timing in southern Chile? |journal=The Holocene |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=987 |last1=Araneda |first1=Alberto |last2=Torrejón |first2=Fernando |last3=Aguayo |first3=Mauricio |last4=Torres |first4=Laura |last5=Cruces |first5=Fabiola |last6=Cisternas |first6=Marco |last7=Urrutia |first7=Roberto |year=2007 |s2cid=128826804 |hdl=10533/178477 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> As of 2001, the borders of the glacier had significantly retreated from those of 1675.<ref name=Araneda2006/>

It has been suggested that all glaciers of [[Gran Campo Nevado]] next to the [[Strait of Magellan]] reached their largest extent of the whole Holocene epoch during the Little Ice Age.<ref>{{Cite journal|title='Little Ice Age' glacier fluctuations, Gran Campo Nevado, southernmost Chile|journal=[[The Holocene]]|url=https://www.uni-trier.de/fileadmin/fb6/prof/GEO/Kilian/Koch___Kilian-2005.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-trier.de/fileadmin/fb6/prof/GEO/Kilian/Koch___Kilian-2005.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|last1=Koch|first1=Johannes|volume=15|pages=20–28|last2=Kilian|first2=Rolf|year=2005|issue=1|doi=10.1191/0959683605hl780rp|bibcode=2005Holoc..15...20K|s2cid=129125563}}</ref>

It has been proposed that the Little Ice Age, locally lasting from the 17th to the 19th centuries, may have had a negative impact on the productivity of marine ecosystems and on the navigability of the [[Fjords and channels of Chile|Patagonian fjords and channels]] being thus detrimental to the sea-faring [[Kawésqar]].<ref name=modelinpop>{{Cite journal |title=A modeling approach to estimate the historical population size of the Patagonian Kawésqar people |journal=[[The Holocene]] |last1=Estay |first1=Sergio A. |issue=6 |volume=32 |pages=578–583 |last2=López |first2=Daniela N. |last3=Silva |first3=Carmen P. |last4=Gayo |first4=Eugenia M. |last5=McRostie |first5=Virginia |last6=Lima |first6=Mauricio|year=2022 |doi=10.1177/09596836221080761 |bibcode=2022Holoc..32..578E |s2cid=247151899 }}</ref>