Editing List of Byzantine emperors (section)

== Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1453) ==
{{Main|Palaiologos|Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ {{Sronly|Palaiologos dynasty}}
! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait
! scope=col width="17%" | Name
! scope=col width="26%" | Reign
! scope=col width="50%" | Notes

|-
| [[File:Miniature of Michael VIII (cropped).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Michael VIII Palaiologos|'''Michael VIII''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος}}
| 1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1259|1|1|1282|12|11}})}}
| Born in 1223, great-grandson of Alexios III, grandnephew of John III by marriage. Senior emperor alongside John IV in 1259. His forces [[Reconquest of Constantinople|reconquered Constantinople]] on 25 July 1261, thus restoring the Empire. He entered the city and was crowned on 15 August. Became sole emperor after deposing John IV on 25 December 1261.

|-
| [[File:Miniature of Andronikos II (cropped).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos II Palaiologos|'''Andronikos II''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος}}
| 11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1282|12|11|1328|5|24}})<hr/>''with'' [[Irene of Montferrat|'''Irene''']] (1303–1317, in [[Thessalonica]])}}
| Son of Michael VIII, Andronikos II was born on 25 March 1259. Named co-emperor in 1261, crowned in 1272, he succeeded as sole emperor on Michael's death. Favouring monks and intellectuals, he neglected the army by significantly reducing military spending, and his reign saw the collapse of the Byzantine position in Asia Minor.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=296}} He named his son [[Michael IX Palaiologos|Michael IX]] co-emperor. In a [[Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328|protracted civil war]], he was first forced to recognize his grandson [[Andronikos III Palaiologos|Andronikos III]] as co-emperor and was then deposed outright.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|pp=298–300}} He became a monk and died peacefully in 1332.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=301}}

|-
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | [[File:154 - Michael IX Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF" | &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Michael IX Palaiologos|'''Michael IX''' Palaiologos]] (§)<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος}}
| style="background:#F0FFFF" | 21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1294|5|21|1320|10|12}})}}
| Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281 but not crowned until 21 May 1294. Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son.<ref>{{ODB|last1=Talbot|first1=Alice-Mary|author-link=Alice-Mary Talbot |last2=Cutler|first2=Anthony|title=Michael IX Palaiologos|pages=1367–1368}}</ref>

|-
| [[File:Андроник III Палеолог (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos III Palaiologos|'''Andronikos III''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
| 24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1328|5|24|1341|6|15}})}}
| Son of Michael IX, he was born on 25 March 1297 and named co-emperor in 1316. Rival emperor since July 1321, he deposed his grandfather Andronikos II in 1328 and ruled as sole emperor until his death. Supported by [[John Kantakouzenos]], his reign saw defeats against the [[Ottoman emirate]] but successes in Europe, where [[Epirus]] and [[Thessaly]] were recovered.

|-
|
[[File:Restored mosaic of John V Palaiologos (head cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John V Palaiologos|'''John V''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
|<br/>15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1341|6|15|1391|2|16}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Details
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* 15 June 1341 – 12 August 1376<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1341|6|15|1376|8|12}})}}
* 1 July 1379 – 14 April 1390<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1379|7|1|1390|4|14}})}}
* 17 September 1390 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1390|9|17|1391|2|16}})}}
}}<hr/>''with'' [[Anna of Savoy|'''Anna''']] (1351–1365, in [[Thessalonica]])}}
| While the only son of Andronikos III, John V was not crowned or declared heir at his father's death—partly due to being only 10-years old at the time—which contributed to the outbreak of a [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|destructive civil war]] between his regents and his father's closest aide, [[John VI Kantakouzenos]], who was instead crowned co-emperor.{{sfn|Reinert|2002|pp=265–267}} The conflict ended in 1347 with Kantakouzenos recognized as senior emperor, but he was deposed by John V during [[Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357|another civil war]].{{sfn|Reinert|2002|pp=267–268}} After successful Turkish incursions and their seizure of Adrianople, John V appealed to the West for aid against the Ottomans, even going so far as to seek religious union and journeying to Rome to convert to Catholicism.{{sfn|Reinert|2002|p=269}} Despite his efforts otherwise, John V was forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty in 1371.{{sfn|Reinert|2002|pp=269–270}}

|-
| [[File:Johannes VI. Cantacuzenos (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VI Kantakouzenos|'''John VI''' Kantakouzenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζηνός}}
| 8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1347|2|8|1354|12|10}})<hr/>''with'' [[Matthew Kantakouzenos|'''Matthew''' Kantakouzenos]] (1353–1357)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| A maternal relative of the [[Palaiologos|Palaiologoi]], he was declared co-emperor on 26 October 1341, and was recognized as senior emperor for ten years after the end of the [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|civil war]] on 8 February 1347. Deposed by John V in 1354, he became a monk, dying on 15 June 1383.

|-
| [[File:158 - Andronikos IV Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos IV Palaiologos|'''Andronikos IV''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
| 12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1376|8|12|1379|7|1}})}}<br/>May 1381 – June 1385<br/>{{Small|(4 years, in [[Selymbria]])}}
| Son of John V and grandson of John&nbsp;VI, he was named co-emperor and heir in 1352, but imprisoned and partially [[Political mutilation in Byzantine culture|blinded]] after a failed rebellion in May 1373. He rebelled again and successfully [[Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379|deposed his father]] in 1376. [[Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379|Deposed by John V]] in 1379, he fled to [[Galata]] in exile but was restored as co-emperor and heir in May 1381, ruling over [[Selymbria]] and the [[Sea of Marmara|coast of Marmara]]. Rebelled again in June 1385 but died shortly thereafter{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Mladenov|2y=2003|2p=190|1p=95|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=312–321|4a1=PLP|4p=3893 (#21438)}}

|-
| [[File:159 - John VII Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VII Palaiologos|'''John VII''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος}}
| 1385 – 1403<br/>{{Small|(18 years, in [[Selymbria]])}}<br/>14 April – 17 September 1390<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1390|4|14|1390|9|17}})}}<br/>late 1403 – 22 September 1408<br/>{{Small|(5 years, in [[Thessalonica]])<hr/>''with'' [[Andronikos V Palaiologos|'''Andronikos V''' Palaiologos]] (1403–1407, in [[Thessalonica]])}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
| Son of Andronikos IV, he was born in 1370, and named co-emperor under his father in 1377–79. He usurped the throne from his grandfather John V for five months in 1390, but with Ottoman mediation he was reconciled with John V and his uncle, Manuel II. As regent, he held Constantinople against the Ottomans in 1399–1402, and was then given [[Thessalonica]] as an [[appanage]], which he governed until his death on 22 September 1408.

|-
|
[[File:Manuel II Paleologus (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Manuel II Palaiologos|'''Manuel II''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος}}
| 1382 – 1387<br/>{{Small|(5 years, in [[Thessalonica]])}}<br/>16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1391|2|16|1425|6|21}})}}
| Second son of John V, he was born on 27 June 1350. Raised to co-emperor in 1373, he became senior emperor on John V's death and ruled until his death. He journeyed to the West European courts seeking aid against the Turks, and was able to use the Ottoman defeat in the [[Battle of Ankara]]—thanks largely to the fact that Timur and the Tartars attacked the Turks when they were besieging Constantinople, which forced the Turks' retreat—to regain some territories and throw off his vassalage to them.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|pp=121–122}} Manuel II died in 1425 and was succeeded by his son, John VIII.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=122}}

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|
[[File:Palaio (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VIII Palaiologos|'''John VIII''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος}}
| 21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1425|6|21|1448|10|31}})}}
| Eldest surviving son of Manuel II, he was born on 18 December 1392. Raised to co-emperor around 1416 and named full ''[[autokrator]]'' in 1425, he succeeded his father on his death. Seeking aid against the resurgent Ottomans, he ratified the [[Council of Florence|Union of the Churches]] in 1439, a move to reunite the Orthodox and Catholic churches that proved very unpopular in Constantinople.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=122}}

|-
| [[File:Konstantinos XI Palaiologos fresco (less edited) (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|'''Constantine XI''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος}}
| 6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1449|1|6|1453|5|29}})}}
| The fourth son of Manuel II and Serbian princess [[Helena Dragaš]], he was born on 8 February 1405. As [[Despot of the Morea]] since 1428, he distinguished himself in campaigns that annexed the [[Principality of Achaea]] and brought the [[Duchy of Athens]] under temporary Byzantine suzerainty, but was unable to repel Turkish attacks under [[Turahan Bey]]. As the eldest surviving brother, he succeeded John VIII after the latter's death. Facing the designs of the new sultan, [[Mehmed II]], on Constantinople, Constantine acknowledged the Union of the Churches and made repeated appeals for help to the West, but in vain. Refusing to surrender the city, he was killed in battle during the [[Fall of Constantinople]] on 29 May 1453.<ref>{{ODB|last=Talbot|first=Alice-Mary|title=Constantine XI Palaiologos|page=505}}</ref>

|}