Editing Lion (section)

===Predatory competition===
{{multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Lioness vs. Hyena in KNP 07.jpg|caption1=Lioness chasing a spotted hyena in Kruger National Park |image2=Lioness vs Leopard 9 July 2016 Latest Sightings 1.png |caption2=Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park}}

Lions and [[spotted hyena]]s occupy a similar ecological niche and compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%.<ref name="prey">{{Cite journal |title=Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (''Crocuta crocuta'') and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (''Panthera leo'') |url=http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430024111/http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=live |last=Hayward |first=M. W. |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=2006 |volume=270 |issue=4 |pages=606–614 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x}}</ref> Lions typically ignore hyenas unless they are on a kill or are being harassed, while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions with or without the presence of food. In the [[Ngorongoro crater]], lions subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing them to increase their kill rate.<ref name="Kruuk">{{Cite book |first=H. |last=Kruuk |title=The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour |publisher=Echo Point Books & Media |year=2014|isbn=978-1626549050 |pages=128–138|edition=2nd}}</ref> In Botswana's Chobe National Park, the situation is reversed as hyenas there frequently challenge lions and steal their kills, obtaining food from 63% of all lion kills.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite book |chapter=Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores |last1=Creel |first1= S.|last2= Spong |first2=G. |last3=Creel|first3= N. |pages=35–60 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v39RdyYUfRIC&pg=PA36 |title=Carnivore Conservation |edition=First |editor1-first=J. L. |editor1-last=Gittleman |editor2-first=S. M. |editor2-last=Funk |editor3-first=D. W. |editor3-last=Macdonald |editor4-first=R. K. |editor4-last=Wayne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-66232-1}}</ref> When confronted on a kill, hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of {{cvt|30|-|100|m}} until the lions have finished.<ref name="schaller272">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 272.</ref> Hyenas may feed alongside lions and force them off a kill. The two species attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason.<ref name="schaller273">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 273–74.</ref> Lions can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in [[Etosha National Park]]. Hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their home ranges.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia |last1=Trinkel |first1=M. |last2=Kastberger |first2=G. |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=43 |issue=3 |year=2005 |pages=220–224 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x|bibcode=2005AfJEc..43..220T }}</ref> When the lion population in Kenya's [[Masai Mara National Reserve]] declined, the spotted hyena population increased rapidly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1= D. S.| last2= Johnson-Ulrich |first2=L.| last3=Couraud | first3=H. E. |last4=Holekamp |first4=K. E. |year=2018 |title=Anthropogenic disturbance induces opposing population trends in spotted hyenas and African lions |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s10531-017-1469-7 |bibcode= 2018BiCon..27..871G|s2cid= 44240882}}</ref>

Lions tend to dominate [[cheetah]]s and leopards, steal their kills and kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Denis-Hoot|first1=C. |last2= Denis-Hoot|first2= M. |year=2003 |title=The Art of Being a Lion |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York |isbn=9780760747674 |page=198}}</ref> Cheetahs often lose their kills to lions or other predators.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Wildt |first2 =D. E. |last3=Bush |first3=M. |year=1986 |title=The Cheetah in Genetic Peril |journal=Scientific American |volume=254 |issue=5 |pages=68–76 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0586-84 |url=http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513071205/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live|bibcode=1986SciAm.254e..84O}}</ref> A study in the Serengeti ecosystem revealed that lions killed at least 17 of 125 cheetah cubs born between 1987 and 1990.<ref name="laurenson">{{cite journal |last1=Laurenson |first1=M. K. |title=High juvenile mortality in cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus'') and its consequences for maternal care |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=1994 |volume=234 |issue=3 |pages=387–408 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04855.x |url=http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/L/Laurenson_1994_Cheetah_cub_mortality_-_maternal_care.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120042410/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/L/Laurenson_1994_Cheetah_cub_mortality_-_maternal_care.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cheetahs avoid their competitors by hunting at different times and habitats.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rostro-García |first1=S. |last2=Kamler |first2=J. F. |last3=Hunter |first3=L. T. B.  |year=2015 |title=To kill, stay or flee: the effects of lions and landscape factors on habitat and kill site selection of cheetahs in South Africa |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=e0117743 |pmid=25693067 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0117743 |pmc=4333767|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1017743R |doi-access=free}}</ref> Leopards, by contrast, do not appear to be motivated by an avoidance of lions, as they use heavy vegetation regardless of whether lions are present in an area and both cats are active around the same time of day. In addition, there is no evidence that lions affect leopard abundance.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=J. R. B.|last2=Pitman|first2=R. T.|last3=Mann|first3=G. K. H.|last4=Fuller|first4=A. K.|last5=Balme|first5=G. A.|year=2018|title=Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=87|issue=6|pages=1709–1726|doi=10.1111/1365-2656.12883|pmid=30010193 |bibcode=2018JAnEc..87.1709M }}</ref> Leopards take refuge in trees, though lionesses occasionally attempt to climb up and retrieve their kills.<ref name="Schaller293">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 293.</ref>

Lions similarly dominate [[African wild dog]]s, taking their kills and dispatching pups or adult dogs. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Conserving the African wild dog ''Lycaon pictus''. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline |last1=Woodroffe |first1=R. |last2=Ginsberg |first2=J. R.  |year=1999 |journal=Oryx |volume=33 |pages=132–142 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x |issue=2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><!--cites two previous refs--> However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs.<ref name=Pienaar1969>{{Cite journal |last1=Pienaar |first1=U. de V. |title=Predator–prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park |journal=Koedoe |date=1969 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=108–176 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Schaller, p. 188">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 188.</ref>