Editing Linear motor (section)

=== Train propulsion ===

==== Conventional rails ====
All of the following applications are in [[rapid transit]] and have the active part of the motor in the cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.inet-osaka.or.jp/~teraoka/old/tera98/ml98edit.htm |title=Adoption of Linear Motor Propulsion System for Subway |publisher=Home.inet-osaka.or.jp |access-date=2010-03-01 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806055334/http://home.inet-osaka.or.jp/~teraoka/old/tera98/ml98edit.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Linear motor|url=http://www.hitachi.com/csr/highlight/activities/2007/act0701/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708193853/http://www.hitachi.com/csr/highlight/activities/2007/act0701/index.html|archivedate=July 8, 2008}}</ref>

===== Bombardier Innovia Metro =====
{{main|Bombardier Innovia Metro}}
Originally developed in the late 1970s by [[Urban Transportation Development Corporation|UTDC]] in Canada as the [[Bombardier Innovia Metro|Intermediate Capacity Transit System]] (ICTS). A test track was constructed in [[Millhaven, Ontario]], for extensive testing of prototype cars, after which three lines were constructed:
* [[Line 3 Scarborough]] in Toronto (opened 1985; closed 2023)<ref>{{cite web|date= November 10, 2006 |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/subway/5107.shtml |title=The Scarborough Rapid Transit Line – Transit Toronto – Content |publisher=Transit Toronto |access-date=2010-03-01}}</ref>
* [[Expo Line (TransLink)|Expo Line]] of the [[Vancouver SkyTrain]] (opened 1985 and extended in 1994)
* [[Detroit People Mover]] in Detroit (opened 1987)
ICTS was sold to [[Bombardier Transportation]] in 1991 and later known as [[Bombardier Innovia Metro|Advanced Rapid Transit]] (ART) before adopting its current branding in 2011. Since then, several more installations have been made:
* [[Kelana Jaya Line]] in Kuala Lumpur (opened 1998 and extended in 2016)
* [[Millennium Line]] of the Vancouver SkyTrain (opened 2002 and extended in 2016)
* [[AirTrain JFK]] in New York (opened 2003)
* [[Airport Express (Beijing Subway)]] (opened 2008)
* [[Everline]] in Yongin, South Korea (opened 2013)
All Innovia Metro systems use [[third rail]] electrification.

===== Japanese Linear Metro =====
One of the biggest challenges faced by Japanese railway engineers in the 1970s to the 1980s was the ever increasing construction costs of subways. In response, the Japan Subway Association began studying on the feasibility of the "mini-metro" for meeting urban traffic demand in 1979. In 1981, the Japan Railway Engineering Association studied on the use of [[linear induction motors]] for such small-profile subways and by 1984 was investigating on the practical applications of linear motors for urban rail with the Japanese [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]]. In 1988, a successful demonstration was made with the Limtrain at [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]] and influenced the eventual adoption of the linear motor for the [[Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line]] in [[Osaka]] and Toei Line 12 (present-day [[Toei Oedo Line]]) in [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jametro.or.jp/en/linear/ |title=History of Linear Metro promotion|website=Japan Subway Association}}</ref>

To date, the following subway lines in Japan use linear motors and use [[overhead line]]s for power collection:
* Two [[Osaka Metro]] lines in Osaka:
** [[Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line]] (opened 1990)
** [[Imazatosuji Line]] (opened 2006)
* [[Toei Ōedo Line]] in Tokyo (opened 2000)
* [[Kaigan Line]] of the [[Kobe Municipal Subway]] (opened 2001)
* [[Nanakuma Line]] of the [[Fukuoka City Subway]] (opened 2005)
* [[Yokohama Municipal Subway Green Line]] (opened 2008)
* [[Sendai Subway Tōzai Line]] (opened 2015)

In addition, [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]] has also exported the Linear Metro to the [[Guangzhou Metro]] in China;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/guan/guangzhou.htm |title=> Asia > China > Guangzhou Metro |publisher=UrbanRail.Net |access-date=2010-03-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302081742/http://www.urbanrail.net/as/guan/guangzhou.htm |archive-date=2010-03-02 }}</ref> all of the Linear Metro lines in Guangzhou use third rail electrification:
* [[Line 4 (Guangzhou Metro)|Line 4]] (opened 2005)
* [[Line 5 (Guangzhou Metro)|Line 5]] (opened 2009).
* [[Line 6 (Guangzhou Metro)|Line 6]] (opened 2013)

==== Monorail ====
{{Main|Monorail}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}
* There is at least one known monorail system which is '''not''' magnetically levitated, but nonetheless uses linear motors. This is the [[Moscow Monorail]]. Originally, traditional motors and wheels were to be used. However, it was discovered during test runs that the proposed motors and wheels would fail to provide adequate traction under some conditions, for example, when ice appeared on the rail. Hence, wheels are still used, but the trains use linear motors to accelerate and slow down. This is possibly the only use of such a combination, due to the lack of such requirements for other train systems.
* The [[TELMAGV]] is a prototype of a monorail system that is also not magnetically levitated but uses linear motors.

==== Magnetic levitation ====
{{Main|Maglev (transport)}}
[[File:Birmingham International Maglev.jpg|thumb|The Birmingham International Maglev shuttle]]
* High-speed trains:
** [[Transrapid]]: first commercial use in [[Shanghai Maglev|Shanghai]] (opened in 2004)
** [[SCMaglev]], under construction in Japan (fastest train in the world, planned to open by 2027)
* Rapid transit:
** Birmingham Airport, UK (opened 1984, closed 1995)
** [[M-Bahn]] in Berlin, Germany (opened in 1989, closed in 1991)
** Daejeon EXPO, Korea (ran only 1993)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maglev.de/index.php?en_korea |title=The International Maglevboard |publisher=Maglev.de |access-date=2010-03-01}}</ref>
** [[High Speed Surface Transport|HSST]]: [[Linimo]] line in Aichi Prefecture, Japan (opened 2005)
** [[Incheon Airport Maglev]] (opened July 2014)
** [[Changsha Maglev Express]] (opened 2016)
** [[S1 line (Beijing Subway)|S1 line]] of [[Beijing Subway]] (opened 2017)