Editing Lake Victoria (section)

===Water hyacinth invasion===
{{Main|Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria}}
[[File:NdereIsland3.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Water hyacinth|hyacinth]]-choked lakeshore at [[Ndere Island]], Lake Victoria, [[Kenya]].]]
The [[water hyacinth]] has become a major [[invasive plant species]] in Lake Victoria.

The release of large amounts of untreated wastewater (sewage) and agricultural and industrial runoff directly into Lake Victoria over the past 30 years has greatly increased the nutrient levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the lake "triggering massive growth of exotic water hyacinth, which colonised the lake in the late 1990s".<ref name="Luilo">Luilo, G.B. (August 01, 2008). Lake Victoria water resources management challenges and prospects: a need for equitable and sustainable institutional and regulatory frameworks ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'' 33, 2, 105–13.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Muli | first1 = J. | last2 = Mavutu | first2 = K. | last3 = Ntiba | first3 = J. | year = 2000 | title = Micro-invertebrate fauna of water hyacinth in Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria | journal = International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science | volume = 20 | pages = 281–302 }}</ref> This invasive weed creates anoxic (total depletion of oxygen levels) conditions in the lake, inhibiting decomposing plant material, raising toxicity and disease levels to both fish and people. At the same time, the plant's mat or "web" creates a barrier for boats and ferries to maneuver, impedes access to the shoreline, interferes with hydroelectric power generation, and blocks the intake of water for industries.<ref name="Luilo"/><ref name="Kateregga, E. & Sterner, T.">Kateregga, E., & Sterner, T. (January 01, 2009). "Lake Victoria Fish Stocks and the Effects of Water Hyacinth". ''Journal of Environment & Development'', 18, 1, 62–78.</ref><ref>Mailu, A.M., G.R.S. Ochiel, W. Gitonga and S.W. Njoka. 1998. ''Water Hyacinth: An Environmental Disaster in the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria and its Control'', pp. 101–05.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gichuki | first1 = J. | last2 = Guebas | first2 = F. Dahdouh | last3 = Mugo | first3 = J. | last4 = Rabour | first4 = C.O. | last5 = Triest | first5 = L. | last6 = Dehairs | first6 = F. | year = 2001 | title = Species inventory and the local uses of the plants and fishes of the Lower Sondu Miriu wetland of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 458 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 99–106 | doi = 10.1023/A:1013192330498 | bibcode = 2001HyBio.458...99G | s2cid = 34576879 }}</ref><ref name="Albright2004">Albright, T.P., Moorhouse, T.G., & McNabb, T.J. (January 1, 2004). "The Rise and Fall of Water Hyacinth in Lake Victoria and the Kagera River Basin, 1989-2001". ''Journal of Aquatic Plant Management'', 42, 73–84.</ref> On the other hand, water hyacinth mats can potentially have a positive effect on fish life in that they create a barrier to overfishing and allow for fish growth, there has even been the reappearance of some fish species thought to have been extinct in recent years. The overall effects of the water hyacinth, however, are still unknown.<ref name="Kateregga, E. & Sterner, T."/><ref>Jäger, J., Bohunovsky, L., Radosh, L., & Sustainability Project. (2008). ''Our planet: How much more can earth take?''. London: Haus.</ref>

Growth of the water hyacinth in Lake Victoria has been tracked since 1993, reaching its maxima biomass in 1997 and then declining again by the end of 2001.<ref name="Kateregga, E. & Sterner, T."/> Greater growth was observed in the northern part of the lake, in relatively protected areas, which may be linked to current and weather patterns and could also be due to the climate and water conditions, which are more suitable to the plants growth (as there are large urban areas to the north end of the lake, in Uganda).<ref name="Albright2004"/> The invasive weed was first attempted to be controlled by hand, removed manually from the lake; however, re-growth occurred quickly. Public awareness exercises were also conducted.<ref name="Albright2004"/> More recently, measures have been used such as the introduction of natural insect predators, including two different water hyacinth weevils and large harvesting and chopping boats, which seem to be much more effective in eliminating the water hyacinth.<ref name="Albright2004"/><ref>Ochiel, G.S., A.M. Mailu, W. Gitonga and S.W. Njoka. 1999. ''Biological Control of Water Hyacinth on Lake Victoria, Kenya'', pp. 115–18.</ref><ref>Mallya, G.A. 1999. ''Water hyacinth control in Tanzania'', pp. 25–29.</ref><ref>United Nations Environment Programme & Belgium. (2006). ''Africa's lakes: Atlas of our changing environment''. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.</ref> A green power plant that uses harvested water hyacinth (but also can use other degradable waste) was constructed in [[Kisumu County]] in 2013. In addition to the [[biogas]] it produces, its by-product can be used as [[fertilizer]].<ref name="Sayer2018"/>

Other factors which may have contributed to the decline of the water hyacinth in Lake Victoria include varying weather patterns, such as El Niño during the last few months of 1997 and first six months of 1998 bringing with it higher levels of water in the lake and thus dislodging the plants. Heavy winds and rains along with their subsequent waves may have also damaged the plants during this same time frame. The plants may not have been destroyed, instead merely moved to another location. Additionally, the water quality, nutrient supply, temperature, and other environmental factors could have played a role. Overall, the timing of the decline could be linked to all of these factors and perhaps together, in combination, they were more effective than any one deterrent would have been by itself.<ref name="Albright2004"/> The water hyacinth is in remission and this trend could be permanent if control efforts are continued.<ref>Crisman, T.L., Chapman, Lauren J., Chapman, Colin A., & Kaufman, Les S. (2003). ''Conservation, ecology, and management of African fresh waters''. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.</ref>