Editing La Tène culture (section)

==Genetics==
[[File:1911 Britannica-Archaeology-Chariot burial.png|thumb|Chariot burial at [[Somme-Bionne]], France|282x282px]]
{{See also|Bell Beaker culture#Genetics|Unetice culture#Genetics|Urnfield culture#Genetics|Hallstatt culture#Genetics|Gauls#Genetics|Celtic Britons#Genetics}}

A genetic study published in ''[[PLOS One]]'' in December 2018 examined 45 individuals buried at a La Tène necropolis in [[Urville-Nacqueville]], France.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2018|p=1}} The people buried there were identified as [[Gauls]].{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2018|pp=4, 15}} The [[mtDNA]] of the examined individuals belonged primarily to [[haplotypes]] of [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]] and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]].{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2018|p=7}} They were found to be carrying a large amount of [[steppe ancestry]], and to have been closely related to peoples of the preceding [[Bell Beaker culture]], suggesting genetic continuity between Bronze Age and Iron Age France. Significant gene flow with [[Great Britain]] and [[Iberia]] was detected. The results of the study partially supported the notion that [[French people]] are largely descended from the Gauls.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2018|pp=14-15}}

A genetic study published in the ''[[Journal of Archaeological Science]]'' in October 2019 examined 43 maternal and 17 paternal lineages for the La Tène necropolis in Urville-Nacqueville, France, and 27 maternal and 19 paternal lineages for La Tène tumulus of Gurgy Les Noisats near modern [[Paris]], France.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2019|p=1}} The examined individuals displayed strong genetic resemblance to peoples of the earlier [[Yamnaya culture]], [[Corded Ware culture]] and Bell Beaker culture.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2019|p=6}} They carried a diverse set of maternal lineages associated with steppe ancestry.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2019|p=6}} The paternal lineages were on the other hand characterized by a "striking homogeneity", belonging entirely to haplogroup [[Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|R]] and [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]], both of whom are associated with steppe ancestry.<ref>{{harvnb|Fischer et al.|2019|pp=4–5}}. "[A] striking homogeneity of the Y-chromosome lineages could be observed, all of them corresponding either to R* or R1b (M343) haplogroups... [W]e consistently found in our Iron Age samples R*/R1b paternal lineages that are linked to the massive migration from the steppes and dated to the Late Neolithic-to-Bronze Age transition (Haak et al., 2015). This migration was responsible for an impressive genetic turnover in the European populations, with Neolithic haplogroups being replaced by new paternal (R1a and R1b) lineages originating from the eastern regions..."</ref> The evidence suggested that the Gauls of the La Tène culture were [[patrilineal]] and [[patrilocal]], which is in agreement with archaeological and literary evidence.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2019|p=1}}

A genetic study published in the ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]'' in June 2020 examined the remains of 25 individuals ascribed to the La Tène culture. The nine examples of individual Y-DNA extracted were determined to belong to either the [[paragroup]]s or [[subclade]]s of haplogroups [[Haplogroup R-M269|R1b1a1a2]] (R-M269; three examples), [[Haplogroup R-M222|R1b1a1a2a1a2c1a1a1a1a1]] (R-M222), [[Haplogroup R-L278|R1b1]] (R-L278), [[Haplogroup R-P297|R1b1a1a]] (R-P297), [[Haplogroup I-M253|I1]] (I-M253), [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] (E-M215), or other, unspecified, subclades of [[Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|haplogroup R]]. The 25 samples of mtDNA extracted was determined to belong to various subclades of haplogroup [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]], [[Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)|HV]], [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]], [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]], [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]], [[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]] and [[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|W]].{{sfn|Brunel et al.|2020|loc=Dataset S1, Rows 221-245}} The examined individuals of the Hallstatt culture and La Tène culture were genetically highly homogeneous and displayed continuity with the earlier Bell Beaker culture. They carried about 50% steppe-related ancestry.{{sfn|Brunel et al.|2020|p=5}}

A genetic study published in [[iScience]] in April 2022 examined 49 genomes from 27 sites in Bronze Age and Iron Age France. The study found evidence of strong genetic continuity between the two periods, particularly in southern France. The samples from northern and southern France were highly homogeneous, with northern samples displaying links to contemporary samples form Great Britain and Sweden, and southern samples displaying links to [[Celtiberians]]. The northern French samples were distinguished from the southern ones by elevated levels of steppe-related ancestry. R1b was by far the most dominant paternal lineage, while H was the most common maternal lineage. The Iron Age samples resembled those of modern-day populations of France, Great Britain and Spain. The evidence suggested that the Gauls of the La Tène culture largely evolved from local Bronze Age populations.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2022}}