Editing Kigali (section)

==Infrastructure==

===Transportation===
[[File:KN3 Road Deloitte Kigali.jpg|thumb|Dual carriageway on the approach to Kigali CBD|alt=Photograph of a street, including buildings, vehicles and pedestrians]]
The Rwandan government has increased investment in the [[Transport in Rwanda|transport infrastructure of Rwanda]] since the 1994 genocide, with aid from the United States, European Union, Japan, China, and others. Kigali is the centre of the country's road network, with paved roads linking the city to most other major cities and towns in the country.{{sfn|African Development Bank|OECD|2006|p=439}} It is also connected by road to other countries in the [[East African Community]], namely Uganda, [[Tanzania]], Burundi and [[Kenya]], as well as to the eastern Congolese cities of [[Goma]] and [[Bukavu]]; the most important trade route for imports and exports is the road to the port of [[Mombasa]] via [[Kampala]] and Nairobi, which is known as the [[Northern Corridor]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Tancott |first=Glen |date=30 June 2014 |title=Northern corridor |work=Transport World Africa |url=http://www.transportworldafrica.co.za/2014/06/30/northern-corridor/ |access-date=26 October 2015 }}</ref> Within the city there was a total of {{convert|1017|km|mi}} of road in 2012, although only fourteen per cent of this was paved road and many of the unpaved sections were of poor quality and dangerous during rainfall. The authorities have been making gradual improvements since the 1990s, increasing the quality of the surfaces and also upgrading most of the city's arterial routes to dual-carriageway.{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=72}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/206638 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |title=Kigali roads expansion project starts in January |date=28 December 2016 |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Buses at Nyabugogo.jpg|thumb|Buses and minibuses at Nyabugogo bus station|alt=Photograph of bus station, including vehicles and buildings]]
Car ownership in Kigali is low, with just six per cent of households possessing one as of 2011.{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=72}} Therefore, most residents rely on public transport for journeys within the city and elsewhere. Historically, most passenger journeys within Kigali were in minibuses, operating under a share taxi system with sixteen passengers per bus.{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=70}} In the 2010s, these were phased out in many areas of the city, in favour of larger buses,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/20150216-kigali-bus-users-modernisation-plan |work=[[France 24]] |title=Bus modernisation drives Kigali residents to 'despair' |date=16 February 2015 |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> some of which permit cashless payment through a [[Tap-and-go|"Tap & Go"]] card and online bookings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36016064 |title=Could cashless payments make Rwanda's bus conductor redundant? |access-date=11 May 2020 |date=12 April 2016 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Featured: Navigating the new Tap & Go System step by step |access-date=11 May 2020 |first=Hudson |last=Kuteesa |date=26 November 2019 |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/featured-navigating-new-tap-go-system-step-step |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]}}</ref> [[Motorcycle taxi]]s are a very popular form of private-hire vehicle, with 10,486 drivers registered with cooperatives or syndicates in 2012, a figure which is likely an underestimate.{{sfn|Rollason|2012|p=6}} The government has announced plans to replace the country's fleet of petrol-powered motorcycles with electric vehicles,<ref name="voan_Rwan">{{Cite web |title=Rwanda Encourages Youth to Use Electric Motorcycles |author=Eugene Uwimana |publisher=[[Voice of America]] News |date=22 August 2019 |access-date=19 February 2021 |url= https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_rwanda-encourages-youth-use-electric-motorcycles/6174393.html |quote=Eugene Uwimana }}</ref> and online booking and metering has been rolled out for both motorcycles and [[taxicab]]s in recent years, such as Yego Cab and Move Ride by Volkswagen.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://taarifa.rw/volkswagen-launches-ride-hailing-service-in-rwanda/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506135130/https://taarifa.rw/volkswagen-launches-ride-hailing-service-in-rwanda/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2021 |website=Taarifa.rw |first=Isaac |last=Kam |date=1 March 2019 |access-date=18 January 2021 |title=Volkswagen Launches Ride Hailing Service In Rwanda }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/219747 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |date=12 September 2017 |title=YegoMoto makes travel easier |first=Julius |last=Bizimungu |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2018/09/yego-cab-a-new-low-cost-taxi-service-launched-in-kigali/ |publisher=KT Press |title="YEGO Cab" – A New 'Low Cost' Taxi- Service Launched In Kigali |first=Williams |last=Buningwire |access-date=10 May 2020 |date=18 September 2018}}</ref> [[Boda boda|Bicycle taxis]] operate in some areas of the city, being reintroduced in 2014 after a period in which they were banned.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/183535 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |date=29 November 2014 |title=City, Traffic Police finally give way to cycle-taxis |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2016/08/after-kagame-intervention-bicycle-taxis-generate-rwf3-6billion/ |publisher=KT Press |date=3 August 2016 |access-date=19 May 2020 |first=Dan |last=Ngabonziza |title=After Kagame Intervention Bicycle Taxis Generate Rwf3.6Billion}}</ref>
[[File:MototaxisKigali(november2022).png|thumb|Motorcycle taxis are very popular in Kigali]]
International coaches run from Nyabugogo to other destinations in East Africa. Until 2019, this included the Ugandan capital Kampala, which was reached either via [[Gatuna]] and [[Kabale]] or via [[Kagitumba]].<ref name="ViaGatuna">{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/82243 |access-date=25 January 2021 |date=31 July 2010 |title=A Visit to Mfashumwana a.k.a. Kyererezi Village |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/71835 |date=25 December 2013 |title=Transporters count losses on Chrismas |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]}}</ref> The journey via Gatuna on the overnight service takes around ten hours.<ref name="ViaGatuna"/> Some Kampala services continued to [[Nairobi]] in Kenya.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/205527 |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |title=Who cares for East Africa's road travelers? |first=Kenneth |last=Agutamba |date=20 November 2016}}</ref> In 2019 the Rwanda–Uganda border was closed by the Rwandan government amid a diplomatic dispute over rebel groups and the treatment of Rwandan nationals in Uganda.<ref>{{cite news |first=Hamza |last=Mohamed |date=20 February 2019 |title=Will Kagame and Museveni resolve their dispute? |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/20/will-kagame-and-museveni-resolve-their-dispute |access-date=10 December 2020 }}</ref> Some travellers began using the [[Rusomo Falls]] border crossing to reach Kampala via Tanzania, a much longer journey.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/a-rwandan-s-long-journey-to-uganda-through-tanzania-1425194 |work=[[The EastAfrican]] |date=17 August 2019 |title=A Rwandan's long journey to Uganda through Tanzania |first=Ivan R. |last=Mugisha |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2020}} Rwanda has no railways, but the government has agreed with Tanzania to construct [[Isaka–Kigali Standard Gauge Railway|a standard-gauge railway]] linking Kigali to [[Isaka]], where passengers could connect with either the [[Central Line (Tanzania)|Central Line]] or with the future [[Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway]], to reach [[Dar es Salaam]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chronicles.rw/2019/07/26/what-is-happening-with-the-isaka-kigali-railway/ |work=The Chronicles |title=What Is Happening With The Isaka-Kigali Railway? |date=26 July 2019 |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

[[Kigali International Airport]] (KIA), in the eastern suburb of Kanombe, is the nation's and the city's principal airport. The busiest routes are those to [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]] in Nairobi and [[Entebbe International Airport]], which serves Kampala;<ref name="CentreForAviation">{{cite web |publisher=[[Aviation Week Network]] |work=CAPA – Centre For Aviation |date=22 December 2014 |title=RwandAir plans further regional expansion in 2015 and launch of long-haul services in 2017 |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/rwandair-plans-further-regional-expansion-in-2015-and-launch-of-long-haul-services-in-2017-202148 |access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> there is one domestic route, between Kigali and [[Kamembe Airport]] near Cyangugu.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tumwebaze |first=Peterson |date=13 June 2015 |title=Kamembe airport reopens to flights |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-06-13/189683/ |access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> With capacity for growth at KIA limited, the government commissioned the new [[Bugesera International Airport]], {{convert|25|km|mi}} south-east of Kigali,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kigali Bugesera International Airport |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/kigali-bugesera-international-airport |publisher=Centre for Aviation |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> with construction beginning in 2017. It will become the country's largest when it opens, complementing the existing Kigali airport.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda)]] |date=9 August 2017 |title=New Bugesera International Airport construction works kick-off |url=http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=248&cHash=77c29a7b4d7453a6824a6e98bf01b943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221155229/http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=248&cHash=77c29a7b4d7453a6824a6e98bf01b943 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |access-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The national carrier is RwandAir, and the country is served by seven foreign airlines.<ref name="CentreForAviation"/>

===Power===
Kigali's electricity supply was, until the early 2000s, generated almost entirely from [[hydroelectric]] sources; power stations on Lakes [[Lake Burera|Burera]] and [[Lake Ruhondo|Ruhondo]] provided 90 per cent of Rwanda's electricity.{{sfn|World Resources Report|2011|p=3}} A combination of below average rainfall and human activity, including the draining of the [[Rugezi wetlands]] for cultivation and grazing, caused the two lakes' water levels to fall from 1990 onwards; by 2004 levels were reduced by 50 per cent, leading to a sharp drop in output from the power stations.{{sfn|World Resources Report|2011|p=5}} Coupled with this, demand had been increasing since the 1980s as the economy grew, particularly in Kigali.{{sfn|World Resources Report|2011|pp=3–4}} In 2003–04, the national electricity company was forced to reduce output from the power stations, necessitating widespread [[loadshedding]].{{sfn|World Resources Report|2011|pp=4–5}} As an emergency measure, the government installed [[diesel generator]]s north of the city; by 2006 these were providing 56 per cent of the country's electricity, but were very costly.{{sfn|World Resources Report|2011|p=5}} Power outages remained a frequent occurrence in the late 2010s.<ref name="newt_Rwf1">{{Cite web |title=Rwf17.6 billion power substation inaugurated |last=Bizimungu |first=Julius |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |date=28 September 2018 |access-date=15 February 2021 |url= https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/rwf176-billion-power-substation-inaugurated}}</ref> This prompted the government and national supplier [[Rwanda Energy Group]] to invest in a programme of new peat-fired, hydroelectric, and methane power stations across Rwanda as well as the construction and repair of power lines.<ref name="newt_Kiga">{{Cite web |title=Kigali to enjoy uninterrupted electricity supply – REG chief |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |date=5 September 2017 |access-date=15 February 2021 |url= https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/219267}}</ref> As of 2018, 82 per cent of Kigali's households had access to electricity, with the government targeting 100 per cent provision within seven years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electricity access in Rwanda quadrupled in the last 7 years as more households get connected |publisher=[[Rwanda Energy Group]] |date=1 January 2018 |access-date=15 February 2021 |url= https://www.reg.rw/media-center/news-details/news/electricity-access-in-rwanda-quadrupled-in-the-last-7-years-as-more-households-get-connected/}}</ref> Most of these households are supplied by Rwanda's [[wide area synchronous grid]], with only between 2 and 4 per cent of households in the three districts relying on off-grid access in 2020.<ref name="reg._Offg">{{Cite web |title=Offgrid |publisher=[[Rwanda Energy Group]] |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 February 2021 |url= https://www.reg.rw/what-we-do/access/offgrid/}}</ref>

===Healthcare===
[[File:A Rwandan youth receiving his covid 19 vaccine jab in kigali.jpg|thumb|A Rwandan youth receiving his [[COVID-19 vaccine]]]]
Rwanda has five national referral hospitals, of which four are located in Kigali.{{sfn|WHO|2017|p=7}} The largest of these is the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (UTH-K), which is governed by the [[Ministry of Health (Rwanda)|Ministry of Health]] and receives most of its funding from the government.{{sfn|OAG|2016|p=35}}{{sfn|OAG|2016|p=8}} UTH-K has 519 beds and employs 155 personnel.<ref name="chuk_CHUK">{{Cite web |title=About CHUK: Background |publisher=University Teaching Hospital of Kigali |access-date=16 February 2021 |url= http://chuk.rw/about-chuk/article/background}}</ref><ref name="dnb._THEU">{{Cite web |title=D&B Business Directory: The University Teaching Hospital of Kigali – Company Profile |publisher=[[Dun & Bradstreet]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |url= https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.the_university_teaching_hospital_of_kigali_-_chuk.d7ede92f24da980cf8135cb7ff5aa057.html}}</ref> Founded in 1918, it is currently in Kigali CBD, but plans to relocate to a new larger site in the [[Masaka, Rwanda|Masaka]] area of the city.<ref name="chuk_CHUK"/><ref name="newt_Cons">{{Cite web |title=Construction of new $100m hospital to start in 2020 |last=Karuhanga |first=James |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |date=18 August 2019 |access-date=16 February 2021 |url= https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/construction-new-100m-hospital-start-2020}}</ref> The other national referral hospitals are [[King Faisal Hospital (Kigali)|King Faisal Hospital]], which was constructed in the late 1980s with assistance from the [[Saudi Fund for Development]], the [[Rwanda Military Hospital]] and the [[Ndera Neuropsychiatric Hospital]].{{sfn|WHO|2017|p=7}}<ref name="kfh._WhoW">{{Cite web |title=About us |publisher=[[King Faisal Hospital (Kigali)|King Faisal Hospital]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |url=https://kfh.rw/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609115533/http://kfh.rw/about-us/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2013 }}</ref> In addition to the national hospitals, the city also contains three provincial hospitals, at [[Kibagabaga]], Masaka, and Kacyiru.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=http://www.rmdc.rw/spip.php?article11 | title=List of hospitals in Rwanda |access-date=12 September 2018 | date=12 September 2018 |publisher=Rwanda Medical & Dental Council }}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|title=List of Hospitals in Rwanda |url=http://fortuneofafrica.com/rwanda/hospitals-in-rwanda/ | publisher=Fortune of Africa |access-date=12 September 2018 |date=12 September 2018}}</ref> In 2021, a new 300-bed hospital opened in Nyarugenge district, designated as a specialist referral centre for [[COVID-19]] patients.<ref name="ktpr_Nyar">{{Cite web |title=Nyarugenge Hospital Opens To Serve As COVID-19 Referral Centre |last=Tabaro |first=Jean de la Croix |publisher=KT Press |date=8 January 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |url= https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/01/nyarugenge-hospital-opens-to-serve-as-covid-19-referral-centre/}}</ref>

Under the [[Twubakane Decentralisation and Health Project]], responsibility for primary healthcare has moved from the national level to district level. Healthcare centres in the city are run as a mixture of public sector, government-assisted and private sector, with some traditional healers also operating.{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=34}} Not all residents have easy access to these facilities, however, with some having to walk more than 30 minutes to reach the nearest centre.{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=35}} The government has devolved the financing and management of healthcare to local communities, through a system of health insurance providers called ''mutuelles de santé''. The ''mutuelles'' were piloted in 1999, and were made available nationwide by the mid-2000s, with the assistance of international development partners.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2008 |title=Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |issn=0042-9686 |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=817–908 |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113032750/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2008}}</ref>