Editing Julius Caesar (section)

=== Legislation<span class="anchor" id="Constitutional reforms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Reforms"></span> ===
Caesar, as far as is attested in evidence, did not intend to restructure Roman society. Ernst Badian, writing in the ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', noted that although Caesar did implement a series of reforms, they did not touch on the core of the republican system: he "had no plans for basic social and constitutional reform" and that "the extraordinary honours heaped upon him... merely grafted him as an ill-fitting head on to the body of the traditional structure".{{sfn|Badian|2012}}<ref>Similarly, {{harvnb|Meier|1995|p=470}}, "However restlessly active [Caesar] was, we still hear of nothing that could be construed as a move towards the consolidation of the commonwealth... We have no evidence that he intended to set up a monarchy".</ref>

The most important of Caesar's reforms was to the calendar, which saw the abolition of the [[Roman calendar|traditional republican lunisolar calendar]] and its replacement with a solar calendar now called the [[Julian calendar]].{{sfnm|Wilson|2021|1p=318|Badian|2012|Meier|1995|3p=447}} He also increased the number of magistrates and senators (from 600 to 900) to better administer the empire and reward his supporters with offices. Colonies also were founded outside Italy – notably on the sites of Carthage and Corinth, which had both been destroyed during Rome's 2nd century BC conquests – to discharge Italy's population into the provinces and reduce unrest.<ref>{{harvnb|Badian|2012}} for administration and colonial activity. {{harvnb|Wilson|2021|p=318|ps=, noting Suetonius viewing the expansion of the magistracies and Senate as constitutional reform with Dio believing it a means to reward followers.}} {{harvnb|Meier|1995|p=464}} notes "such a large membership [in the Senate] would certainly make the house incapable of functioning properly, but it enabled Caesar to show favour to many".</ref> The royal power of naming patricians was revived to benefit the families of his men{{sfn|Meier|1995|p=464}} and the [[quaestio perpetua|permanent courts]]' jury pools were also altered to remove the {{lang|la|[[Aerarium#Tribuni_aerarii|tribuni aerarii]]}}, leaving only the equestrians and senators.{{sfnm|Wilson|2021|1p=318|Lintott|1999|2p=160}}
[[File:Gaius Julius Caesar, denarius, 44 BC, RRC 480-10.jpg|thumb|Julius Caesar February-March 44 BC. AR Denarius (19mm, 3.70 g, 6h).  Rome mint. head of Caesar right / Venus Victrix standing left, holding Victory and scepter, shield set on ground to right.]]
He also took further administrative actions to stabilise his rule and that of the state.{{sfn|Wilson|2021|p=318}} Caesar reduced the size of the grain dole from 320,000 down to around 150,000 by tightening the qualifications; special bonuses were offered to families with many children to stall depopulation.{{sfn|Meier|1995|p=447}} Plans were drawn for the conduct of a census. Citizenship was extended to a number of communities in Cisalpine Gaul and to [[Cádiz]].{{sfn|Wilson|2021|pp=319, 321}} During the civil wars, Caesar had also instituted a novel debt repayment programme (no debts would be forgiven but they could be paid in kind), remitted rents up to a certain amount, and thrown games distributing food.{{sfn|Wilson|2021|p=319}} Many of his enemies during the civil wars were pardoned – Caesar's clemency was exalted in his propaganda and temple works – with the intent to cultivate gratitude and draw a contrast between himself and the vengeful dictatorship of Sulla.{{sfn|Wilson|2021|pp=321–22}}

The building programmes, started prior to his expedition to Spain, continued, with the construction of the [[Forum of Caesar]] and the [[Temple of Venus Genetrix]] therein. Other public works, including an expansion of Ostia's port and a canal through the [[Corinthian Isthmus]], were also planned.{{cn |date=July 2023}} Very busy with this work, the heavy-handedness with which he ignored the Senate, magistrates, and those who came to visit him also alienated many in Rome.{{sfn|Meier|1995|pp=447–49}}

The {{lang|la|collegia}}, civic associations restored by Clodius in 58&nbsp;BC, were again abolished.{{sfn|Meier|1995|p=447}} His actions to reward his supporters saw him allow his subordinates illegal triumphal processions and resign the consulship so that allies could take it up for the rest of the year. On the last day of 45&nbsp;BC, when one of the succeeding consuls died, Caesar had an [[Gaius Caninius Rebilus (consul 45 BC)|ally]] elected as replacement for a single day.{{sfn|Meier|1995|p=462}} Corruption on the part of his partisans was also overlooked to ensure their support; provincial cities and client kingdoms were extorted for favours to pay his bills.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilson|2021|p=322 n. 92}} on favours for clients. {{harvnb|Wilson|2021|p=322 n. 94}}, noting {{harvnb|Suet. ''Iul.''|loc=54.1–3}} reporting on Caesar looting and extorting client states and {{harvnb|Dio|loc=42.49–50, 43.24}} on Caesar's forced loans to pay soldiers.</ref>