Editing John, King of England (section)

===Scotland, Ireland and Wales===
[[File:Jan Anglie psici.jpg|thumb|alt=A drawing of King John wearing a crown and a red robe. The king is sat down and stroking two hunting dogs.|A 13th-century depiction of John with two [[hunting dog]]s]]
In the late 12th and early 13th centuries [[Anglo-Scottish border|the border]] and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. Henry II had forced [[William the Lion]] to swear fealty to him at the [[Treaty of Falaise]] in 1174.<ref>Carpenter (2004), p. 224.</ref> This had been rescinded by Richard I in exchange for financial compensation in 1189, but the relationship remained uneasy.<ref>Carpenter (2004), p. 255.</ref> John began his reign by reasserting his sovereignty over the disputed northern counties. He refused William's request for the earldom of [[Northumbria]], but did not intervene in Scotland itself and focused on his continental problems.<ref>Carpenter (2004), p. 277; Duncan, p. 251.</ref> The two kings maintained a friendly relationship, meeting in 1206 and 1207,<ref>Duncan, p. 252.</ref> until it was rumoured in 1209 that William was intending to ally himself with Philip II of France.<ref>Carpenter (2004), p. 277; Duncan, p. 260</ref> John invaded Scotland and forced William to sign the Treaty of Norham, which gave John control of William's daughters and required a payment of £10,000.<ref name="CarpenterP277">Carpenter (2004), p. 277.</ref> This effectively crippled William's power north of the border, and by 1212 John had to intervene militarily to support William against his internal rivals.<ref name=CarpenterP277/>{{Refn|William's son, [[Alexander II of Scotland]], would later state that he had been betrothed in 1212 to John's daughter [[Joan of England, Queen of Scotland|Joan]]. Current scholarship considers Alexander's claim unreliable.<ref>Carpenter, p. 277; Duncan, p. 264.</ref>|group=nb}} John made no efforts to reinvigorate the Treaty of Falaise, though, and William and his son [[Alexander II of Scotland]] in turn remained independent kings, supported by, but not owing fealty to, John.<ref>Duncan, p. 268.</ref>

John remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent.<ref name="CarpenterP278">Carpenter (2004), p. 278.</ref> Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his wealth and power in the country.<ref name=CarpenterP278/> During Richard's rule, John had successfully increased the size of his lands in Ireland, and he continued this policy as king.<ref>Carpenter (2004), pp. 278–279.</ref> In 1210 the King crossed into Ireland with a large army to crush a rebellion by the Anglo-Norman lords; he reasserted his control of the country and used a new charter to order compliance with English laws and customs in Ireland.<ref>Carpenter (2004), pp. 280–281.</ref> John stopped short of trying to actively enforce this charter on the native Irish kingdoms, but historian David Carpenter suspects that he might have done so, had the baronial conflict in England not intervened. Simmering tensions remained with the native Irish leaders even after John left for England.<ref>Carpenter (2004), p. 282; Duffy, pp. 242–243.</ref>

Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the [[marcher lords]] along the borders, royal territories in [[Pembrokeshire]] and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and marrying his illegitimate daughter [[Joan, Lady of Wales|Joan]] to the Welsh prince [[Llywelyn the Great]].<ref>Carpenter (2004), pp. 282–283.</ref> The King used the marcher lords and the native Welsh to increase his own territory and power, striking a sequence of increasingly precise deals backed by royal military power with the Welsh rulers.<ref>Carpenter (2004), p. 283.</ref> A major royal expedition to enforce these agreements occurred in 1211, after Llywelyn attempted to exploit the instability caused by the removal of William de Braose, through the [[Welsh uprising of 1211]].<ref name="CarpenterP284">Carpenter (2004), p. 284.</ref> John's invasion, striking into the Welsh heartlands, was a military success. Llywelyn came to terms that included an expansion of John's power across much of Wales, albeit only temporarily.<ref name=CarpenterP284/>