Editing Joan of Arc (section)

==Clothing==
{{Main|Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality of Joan of Arc}}
Joan's [[cross-dressing]] was the topic of five of the articles of accusation against her during the trial.{{sfnm|Garber|1993|1p=[https://archive.org/details/vestedinterestsc00garb/page/215 215]|Schibanoff|1996|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/32 32–33]}} In the view of the assessors, it was the emblem of her heresy.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA66|plainurl=yes}} 66]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/117 117]|3a1=Schibanoff|3y=1996|3p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/31 31]}} Her final condemnation began when she was found to have resumed wearing men's clothes,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/217 217–218]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/132 132]|3a1=Schibanoff|3y=1996|3p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/31 31]|4a1=Sullivan|4y=1999|4p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/132 132]}} which was taken as a sign that she had relapsed into heresy.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA66|plainurl=yes}} 66]|Schibanoff|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/38 38]}}

[[File:Statue Jeanne Arc place Pyramides Paris 4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright| [[Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet)|''Jeanne d'Arc'']], a gilded bronze statue by [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] (1874, [[Place des Pyramides]])|alt=see caption]]
From the time of her journey to Chinon to her abjuration, Joan usually wore men's clothes{{sfnm|Crane|2002|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/performanceofsel0000cran/page/74 74]|Fraioli|2000|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000frai/page/28 28, fn18]}} and cropped her hair in a [[Bowl cut|male fashion]].{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 307]|Schibanoff|1996|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/42 42]}} When she left Vaucouleurs to see the Dauphin in Chinon, Joan was said to have worn a black [[Doublet (clothing)|doublet]], a black tunic, and a short black cap.{{sfn|Crane|1996|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 307]}} By the time she was captured, she had acquired more elaborate outfits. At her trial, she was accused of wearing [[breeches]], a [[mantle (clothing)|mantle]], a coat of [[chain mail|mail]], a doublet, hose joined to the doublet with twenty laces, tight boots, spurs, a [[breastplate]], [[buskins]], a sword, a dagger, and a lance. She was also described as wearing furs, a golden [[surcoat]] over her armor, and sumptuous [[riding habit]]s made of precious cloth.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/192 192]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/34 34]}}

During the trial proceedings, Joan is not recorded as giving a practical reason why she cross-dressed.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA67|plainurl=yes}} 67]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/144 144]}} She stated that it was her own choice to wear men's clothes,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/35 35–37]|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/91 91–92]}} and that she did so not at the request of men but by the command of God and his angels.{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 298]|Garber|1993|2p=[https://archive.org/details/vestedinterestsc00garb/page/216 216]|Lucie-Smith|1976|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/32 32–33]|Warner|1981|4pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/144 144–146]}} She stated she would return to wearing women's clothes when she fulfilled her calling.{{sfn|Sullivan|2011|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178 316]}}

Although Joan's cross-dressing was used to justify her execution, the church's position on it was not clear. In general, it was seen as a sin, but there was no agreement about its severity.{{sfn|Hotchkiss|2000|p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA61|plainurl=yes}} 61]}} [[Thomas Aquinas]] stated that a woman may wear a man's clothes to hide herself from enemies or if no other clothes were available,{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/43 42]}} and Joan did both, wearing them in enemy territory to get to Chinon,{{sfnm|Sackville-West|1936|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/92 92–93]|Schibanoff|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/41 41]}} and in her prison cell after her abjuration when her dress was taken from her.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA66|plainurl=yes}} 66]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/132 132]}} Soon after the siege of Orléans was lifted, Jean Gerson said that Joan's male clothes and haircut were appropriate for her calling, as she was a warrior and men's clothes were more practical.{{sfnm|1a1=Crane|1y=1996|1p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 301]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/184 184]}}

Cross-dressing may have helped her maintain her virginity by deterring rape:{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 302–303]|Harrison|2014|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/251 251–252]}} witnesses at the nullification trial stated that Joan gave this as one of the reasons for returning to men's clothes after she had abjured wearing them.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/216 216]|Pernoud|1962|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/219 219–220]|Taylor|2009|3p=[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PR68|plainurl=yes}} LXVII]}} However, scholars have stated that when she was imprisoned, wearing men's clothes would only have been a minor deterrent to rape as she was shackled most of the time.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1pp=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA64|plainurl=yes}} 64–65]|Schibanoff|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/58 58]}} For most of her active life, Joan did not cross-dress to hide her gender.{{sfnm|Bullough|1974|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777140 1390]|Crane|1996|2p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 310]|Sproles|1996|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539706 163]|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/147 147]}} Rather, it may have functioned to emphasize her unique identity{{sfnm|Crane|2002|1p=[https://archive.org/details/performanceofsel0000cran/page/78 78]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/142 142]}} as {{lang|fr|La Pucelle}}, a model of virtue that transcends [[gender roles]] and inspires people.{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 305–306]|Warner|1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/146 146–147]}}