Editing Jesuits (section)

===Suppression and restoration===
{{Main|Suppression of the Society of Jesus}}
The suppression of the Jesuits alienated the colonial empires from the natives they governed in the Americas and Asia, as the Jesuits were active protectors of native rights against the colonial empires. With the suppression of the Order, the profitable Jesuit reductions which gave wealth and protection to natives were sequestered by royal authorities and the natives enslaved. Faced with this suppression; the natives, mestizos, and creoles were galvanized into starting the [[Latin American Wars of Independence]].<ref>[[David Brading|D.A. Brading]], ''The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 453–458.</ref> The suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal, France, the [[Two Sicilies]], [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]], and the [[Spanish Empire]] by 1767 was deeply troubling to [[Pope Clement XIII]], the society's defender.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jesuit Survival and Restoration, A Global History (1773–1900) |editor1=Maryks, Robert |editor2=Wright, Jonathan |publisher=Brill |date=2015 |isbn=9789004283879 }}</ref> On 21 July 1773 his successor, Pope [[Clement XIV]], issued the [[papal brief]] {{lang|la|[[Dominus ac Redemptor]]}}, decreeing:

{{blockquote|Having further considered that the said Company of Jesus can no longer produce those abundant fruits, ... in the present case, we are determining upon the fate of a society classed among the mendicant orders, both by its institute and by its privileges; after a mature deliberation, we do, out of our certain knowledge, and the fulness of our apostolical power, suppress and abolish the said company: we deprive it of all activity whatever. ...And to this end a member of the regular clergy, recommendable for his prudence and sound morals, shall be chosen to preside over and govern the said houses; so that the name of the Company shall be, and is, for ever extinguished and suppressed.|source={{lang|la|Dominus ac Redemptor}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reformation.org/jesuit-suppression-bull.html |title=Dominus ac Redemptor Noster |website=www.reformation.org |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181607/http://www.reformation.org/jesuit-suppression-bull.html }}</ref>}}

The suppression was carried out on political grounds in all countries except [[Prussia]] for a time, and [[Russia]], where [[Catherine the Great]] had forbidden its promulgation. Because millions of Catholics (including many Jesuits) lived in [[First Partition of Poland|the Polish provinces recently part-annexed]] by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], the Society was able to maintain its continuity and carry on its work all through the stormy period of suppression. Subsequently, [[Pope Pius VI]] granted formal permission for the continuation of the society in Russia and Poland, with [[Stanislaus Czerniewicz|Stanisław Czerniewicz]] elected superior of the province in 1782. He was followed by [[Gabriel Lenkiewicz]], [[Franciszek Kareu]] and [[Gabriel Gruber]] until 1805, all elected locally as Temporary Vicars General. [[Pope Pius VII]] had resolved during his captivity in [[France]] to restore the Jesuits universally, and on his return to Rome he did so without much delay. On 7 August 1814, with the bull {{lang|la|[[Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum]]}}, he reversed the suppression of the society, and therewith another Polish Jesuit, [[Tadeusz Brzozowski]], who had been elected as superior in Russia in 1805, acquired universal jurisdiction. On his death in 1820 the Jesuits were expelled from Russia by tsar [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]].

The period following the Restoration of the Jesuits in 1814 was marked by tremendous growth, as evidenced by the large number of Jesuit colleges and universities established during the 19th century. During this time in the United States, 22 of the society's 28 universities were founded or taken over by the Jesuits. It has been suggested that the experience of suppression had served to heighten [[orthodoxy]] among the Jesuits. While this claim is debatable, Jesuits were generally supportive of papal authority within the church, and some members became associated with the [[Ultramontanist]] movement and the declaration of [[papal infallibility]] in 1870.<ref>Hasler, A.B., (1981) ''How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion'' (Doubleday; Garden City, NY), p. 58</ref>

In [[Switzerland]], the [[Swiss Federal Constitution|constitution]] was modified and Jesuits were banished in 1848, following the defeat of the [[Sonderbund]] Catholic defence alliance. The ban was lifted on 20 May 1973, when 54.9 per cent of voters accepted a [[referendum]] modifying the constitution.<ref>{{cite web |website=Chancellerie fédérale ChF |title=Votation No 236 Tableau récapitulatif: Arrêté fédéral abrogeant les articles de la constitution fédérale sur les jésuites et les couvents (art. 51 et 52) |date=20 May 1973 |url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/19730520/det236.html |language=fr |access-date=23 October 2007 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117105738/http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/19730520/det236.html |url-status=live }}</ref>