Editing Jedediah Smith (section)

==Historical reputation==
Smith for the most part was forgotten by his countrymen as a historical figure for over 75 years after his death.{{sfn|Morgan|1964|p=7}} In 1853, [[Peter Skene Ogden]]{{efn |Ogden probably got a first-hand account of the massacre from Smith after Smith arrived at Fort Vancouver, then left shortly afterward on his excursion in which he discovered the Humboldt River.}} had written about the Umpqua massacre in ''Traits of American Indian Life and Character by a Fur Trader'', and the [[Sons and Daughters of Oregon Pioneers|Oregon Pioneers Association]] and [[Hubert Howe Bancroft]] wrote versions of it in 1876 and 1886, respectively. There are mentions of him in memoirs by other fur trappers, and mentions by [[George Gibbs (ethnologist)|George Gibbs]] and [[Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden|F. V. Hayden]] in their reports. ''Recollection of a Septuagenarian'' by [[William Waldo (California politician)|William Waldo]], published by the [[Missouri Historical Society]] in 1880, discussed Smith, focusing on hearsay evidence of his piety.<ref name=Auld2008>{{cite journal|last=Auld |first=James C. |title=The Legend of Jedediah Smith: Fact, Fantasy and Opinion |journal=The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal|volume=2 |year=2008|publisher=Museum of the Mountain Man |location=Pinedale, Wyoming |issn=1937-0733|page=53}}</ref> There was no mention of Smith in the 1891 volume 5 publication of ''Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography'' edited by [[James Grant Wilson]] and [[John Fiske (philosopher)|John Fiske]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/appletonscyclop05wilsuoft#page/568/mode/2up|editor1=James Grant Wilson |editor2=John Fiske |title=Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography |year=1891 |volume=5|publisher=New York, D. Appleton and company |access-date=April 4, 2016 }}</ref> The first known publication solely about Smith was in the 1896 ''Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California''.<ref name=Guinn>J. M. Guinn, ''Captain Jedediah Smith.  The Pathfinder of the Sierras'' Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California, Los Angeles Vol. 3, No. 4 (1896), pp. 45–53, 78</ref> In 1902, [[Hiram M. Chittenden]] wrote of him extensively in ''The American Fur Trade of the West''<ref>Chittenden, op. cit.</ref>  The same year [[Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh]] wrote about Smith's exploits with the Mojave Indians in his book ''The Romance of the Colorado River:  The Story of Its Discovery in 1540 with an Account of Later Explorations''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dellenbaugh |first=Frederick S. |title=The Romance of the Colorado River: The Story of Its Discovery in 1540, with an Account of the Later Explorations, and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell Through the Line of the Great Canyons |publisher=G.P. Putnam's sons |url=https://archive.org/details/romanceofcolora00dell|year=1909|orig-date=1902|pages=[https://archive.org/details/romanceofcolora00dell/page/120 120]–22}}</ref>{{efn|Dellenbaugh wrote extensively about Smith in 1905<ref>{{cite book|last=Dellenbaugh|first=Frederick Samuel |title=Breaking the Wilderness:The Story of the Conquest of the Far West, from the Wanderings of Cabeza De Vaca, to the First Descent of the Colorado by Powell, and the Completion of the Union Pacific Railway, with Particular Account of the Exploits of Trappers |url=https://archive.org/details/breakingwildern00dellgoog|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York|year=1905}}</ref> and again mentioned Smith in his 1914 book ''Fremont and '49''.}} Smith, however, again was not listed in the 1906 volume 9 publication of American Biographical Society's ''Biographical Dictionary of America'', edited by [[Rossiter Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/biographicaldict09johnuoft#page/n425/mode/2up |title=Biographical Dictionary of America |year=1906 |volume=9 |access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> In 1908, [[John Neihardt|John G. Neihardt]] and [[Doane Robinson]] lamented the obscurity of Smith; afterward, more extensive efforts were initiated to publicize his accomplishments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=journalismfacpub|last=Anderson |first=Timothy G. |title=Memorializing a Mountain Man: John G. Neihart, Doane Robinson, and Jedediah Smith |work=Faculty Publications, College of Journalism & Mass Communications |others=Paper 48 |year=2009 |publisher=University of Nebraska |location=Lincoln |access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref>

In 1912, an article about Smith written by a grand-nephew, Ezra Delos Smith of [[Meade, Kansas]], was published by the [[Kansas Historical Society]].  Five years later, Smith's status as a historical figure was further revived by Harrison Clifford Dale's{{efn|Dale, 1885–1969, was a professor at the [[University of Wyoming]].}} book,<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Ashley |first1=William Henry |last2=Smith |first2= Jedediah Strong |last3=Rogers |first3=Harrison G. |editor=Harrison Clifford Dale |title=The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific, 1822–1829: with the original journals |url=https://archive.org/details/ashleysmithexplo0000dale |publisher=Arthur H. Clark Co |year=1918 |location=Cleveland, Ohio |edition=PDF |ol=23279123M }}</ref> [https://books.google.com/books?id=l6EoAAAAYAAJ ''The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific, 1822–1829: With the Original Journals''], published in 1918.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ashley |first1=William Henry |last2=Smith |first2= Jedediah Strong |last3=Rogers |first3=Harrison G. |editor=Harrison Clifford Dale |title=The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific, 1822–1829: with the original journals |publisher=Arthur H. Clark Co |orig-date=1917 |date=May 24, 2011 |location=Cleveland, Ohio
|edition=PDF |url=https://archive.org/details/ashleysmithexplo00dale |access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref>
During the 1920s, Maurice S. Sullivan traced descendants of Smith's siblings and found two portions of the narrative of Smith's travels, written in the hand of Samuel Parkman{{sfn|Barbour|2011|p=11}}{{efn |Sullivan's notes on Smith are archived in the University of the Pacific Library.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7k4008k7/entire_text/ |title=Register of the Maurice S. Sullivan Papers on Jed Smith |author=Holt-Atherton Department of Special Collections, University of the Pacific Library |number=MS 19 |publisher=Online Archive of California |access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> They apparently had been acquired by Dale Morgan, and after Morgan's death were donated to the library.}} who had been hired to assist in compiling the document<ref name="Lyman"/> after Smith's return to St. Louis in 1830. The narrative's impending publication had been announced in a St. Louis newspaper as late as 1840,{{efn|The announcement had stated that the "work" would "take in" nine years of Smith's travels, presumably from 1821 until his 1830 return to St. Louis.}} but never happened.{{sfn|Smith|1977|p=15}} In 1934, Sullivan published the remnants, documenting Smith's travels in 1821 and 1822 and from June 1827 until the Umpqua massacre a year later, in ''The Travels of Jedediah Smith'', giving a new documented perspective of Smith's explorations.{{efn |The narrative was based in part on journals Smith kept, and many of the activities described have specific dates. Smith's journal from the time he left the rendezvous on July&nbsp;13, 1827, until the Mohave massacre was lost during that tragedy, and that time period was reconstructed in general terms, as was the 1821 and 1822 time period.  The daily entries did not recommence until November 7, 1827.}} Along with the narrative, Sullivan published the portion of Alexander McLeod's journal documenting the search for any surviving members of Smith's party and the recovery of his property after the Umpquah massacre. The ''Dictionary of American Biography'', Volume 17, edited by [[Dumas Malone]], published in 1935, contains an article on Smith authored by Joseph Schafer.<ref>Dictionary of American Biography (1935) [https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer17amer#page/290/mode/2up Smith, Jedediah Strong].</ref> The next year, the first comprehensive biography of Smith: ''Jedediah Smith: Trader and Trail Breaker'' by Sullivan was posthumously published, but it was Dale Morgan's book, ''Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West'', published in 1953, that established Smith as an authentic American hero whose explorations were overshadowed by the Lewis and Clark Expedition.{{sfn|Morgan|1964|p=7}}
[[File:Jedediah Smith map by George Gibbs - WDL.png|Frémont-Gibbs-Smith map|thumb]]
According to Maurice S. Sullivan,{{efn |Sullivan, 1893–1935, was a New Jersey newspaperman who moved to California in the early 1920s and developed an interest in Smith.}} Smith was "the first white man to cross the future state of Nevada, the first to conquer the High Sierra of California, and the first to explore the entire Pacific Slope from Lower California to the banks of the Columbia River".<ref name=Sullivan2>{{cite book|last=Sullivan |first=Maurice S.|title=Jedediah Smith, Trader and Trail Breaker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uYTAAAAYAAJ| publisher=New York Press of the Pioneers|year=1936|page=2|isbn=978-0-527-87450-6}}</ref> He was known for his many systematic recorded observations on nature and topography.  His expeditions also raised doubts about the existence of the legendary Buenaventura River.<ref>[[C. Gregory Crampton]]: "The San Buenaventura – Mythical River of the West." In: ''Pacific Historical Review''. Berkeley Cal 25.1956,2 (May), pp. 163–71</ref> Jedediah Smith's explorations were the main basis for accurate Pacific West maps.  He and his partners, Jackson and Sublette, produced a map that, in a eulogy for Smith printed in the ''Illinois Monthly Magazine'' for June 1832,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_illinois-monthly-magazine_1832-06_2_21/page/n9/mode/2up |title=Jedidiah Strong Smith |editor=Hall, James |date=1832 |magazine=Illinois Monthly Magazine |edition=June |volume=II |issue=XXI |access-date=November 30, 2021}}</ref> the unknown author{{efn |In 2013, Joe J. Molter, editor of ''Castor Canadensis'', the journal of the [http://www.jedediahsmithsociety.org/index.html Jedediah Smith Society] speculated that the author was James Hall, editor of ''Illinois Monthly Magazine''<ref name=Molter />}} claimed: "This map is now probably the best extant, of the Rocky Mountains, and the country on both sides, from the States to the Pacific."<ref name=Molter /> This map has been called "a landmark in mapping of the American West"<ref name=hays>{{cite book |last=Hays |first=Carl D. W.|chapter=David E. Jackson|title=Trappers of the Far West: ''Sixteen Biographical Sketches''|editor= Leroy R. Hafen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPWRJunOPysC|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|year=1983|isbn=0-8032-7218-9 |page=83}} originally published in {{cite book |editor=Leroy R. Hafen|title=Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West vol. IX |year=1972|publisher=The Arthur H Clark Company|location=Glendale}}</ref>  The original map is lost, its content was overlaid and annotated by George Gibbs on an 1845 base map by John C. Frémont, which is on file at the [https://uwm.edu/libraries/agsl/ American Geographical Society Library], at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/6768/view/1/1/ |title=Map of an Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842, Oregon and North California in the Years 1843–44 |website=[[World Digital Library]] |date=1844|access-date=June 21, 2013 }}</ref>{{efn|The "Fremont-Gibbs-Smith" map was "found" in 1954 by [[Carl Irving Wheat|Carl I Wheat]] at the library's former location in New York City.}}