Editing Jaguar (section)

==Conservation==
The jaguar is listed on [[CITES Appendix I]], which means that all international commercial trade in jaguars or their body parts is prohibited. Hunting jaguars is prohibited in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, the United States, and Venezuela. Hunting jaguars is restricted in Guatemala and Peru.<ref name=iucn /> In Ecuador, hunting jaguars is prohibited, and it is classified as threatened with extinction.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Zapata Ríos, G. |author2=Araguillin, E. |author3=Cevallos, J. |author4=Moreno, F. |author5=Ortega, A. |author6=Rengel, J. |author7=Valarezo, N. |date=2014 |name-list-style=amp |title=Plan de Acción para la Conservación del Jaguar en el Ecuador |trans-title=Action Plan for the Conservation of the Jaguar in Ecuador |publisher=Ministerio del Ambiente y Wildlife Conservation Society Ecuador |location=Quito |language=es |url=http://www.wild4ever.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Ecuador-National-Jaguar-Plan.pdf |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923073232/http://www.wild4ever.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Ecuador-National-Jaguar-Plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
In Guyana, it is protected as an endangered species, and hunting it is illegal.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kerman, I. |date=2010 |title=Exploitation of the jaguar, ''Panthera onca'' and other large forest cats in Suriname |editor=Felix, M.-L. |publisher=WWF Guianas |location=Paramaribo |url=https://www.a2000greetings.com/downloads/exploitation_of_the_jaguar_and_other_large_forest_cats_in_suriname_irvin_kerman.pdf |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918010124/https://www.a2000greetings.com/downloads/exploitation_of_the_jaguar_and_other_large_forest_cats_in_suriname_irvin_kerman.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:El-jefe-jaguar-fws1.jpg|thumb|[[El Jefe (jaguar)|El Jefe]], a jaguar in Arizona]]
In 1986, the [[Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary]] was established in Belize as the world's first protected area for jaguar conservation.<ref name=Weckel>{{cite journal |author1=Weckel, M. |author2=Giuliano, W. |author3=Silver, S. |year=2006 |name-list-style=amp |title=Cockscomb revisited: jaguar diet in the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary, Belize |journal=Biotropica |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=687–690 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00190.x |bibcode=2006Biotr..38..687W |s2cid=85151201 }}</ref>

===Jaguar Conservation Units===
In 1999, field scientists from 18 jaguar range countries determined the most important areas for long-term jaguar conservation based on the status of jaguar population units, stability of prey base and quality of habitat. These areas, called "Jaguar Conservation Units" (JCUs), are large enough for at least 50 breeding individuals and range in size from {{cvt|566|to|67598|km2}}; 51 JCUs were designated in 36 geographic regions including:<ref name=Sanderson2002 />
* the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]] and [[Sierra de Tamaulipas]] in Mexico
* the [[Selva Maya]] tropical forests extending over Mexico, Belize and Guatemala
* the [[Chocó–Darién moist forests]] from Honduras and Panama to Colombia
* [[Venezuelan Llanos]]
* northern [[Cerrado]] and [[Amazon basin]] in Brazil
* [[Tropical Andes]] in Bolivia and Peru
* [[Misiones Province]] in Argentina

Optimal routes of travel between core jaguar population units were identified across its range in 2010 to implement [[wildlife corridor]]s that connect JCUs. These corridors represent areas with the shortest distance between jaguar breeding populations, require the least possible energy input of [[dispersal (ecology)|dispersing]] individuals and pose a low mortality risk. They cover an area of {{cvt|2600000|km2}} and range in length from {{cvt|3|to|1102|km}} in Mexico and Central America and from {{cvt|489.14|to|1607|km}} in South America.<ref name=RabinowitzZeller2010>{{Cite journal |author1=Rabinowitz, A. |author2=Zeller, K.A. |year=2010 |name-list-style=amp |title=A range-wide model of landscape connectivity and conservation for the jaguar, ''Panthera onca'' |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=939–945 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2010.01.002 |bibcode=2010BCons.143..939R |url=https://www.panthera.org/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Rabinowitz_Zeller_2010_Arangewidemodeloflandscapeconnectivityandconservationforjaguar_BioCon.pdf |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021304/https://www.panthera.org/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Rabinowitz_Zeller_2010_Arangewidemodeloflandscapeconnectivityandconservationforjaguar_BioCon.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Cooperation with local landowners and municipal, state, or federal agencies is essential to maintain connected populations and prevent fragmentation in both JCUs and corridors.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Zeller, K.A. |author2=Rabinowitz, A. |author3=Salom-Perez, R. |author4=Quigley, H. |year=2013 |name-list-style=amp |chapter=The Jaguar Corridor Initiative: A range-wide conservation strategy |title=Molecular population genetics, evolutionary biology and biological conservation of Neotropical carnivores |editor1=Ruiz-Garcia, M. |editor2=Shostell, J.M. |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |location=New York |chapter-url=https://conservationcorridor.org/cpb/Zeller_et_al_2013.pdf |pages=629–657 |isbn=978-1-62417-071-3 |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021304/https://conservationcorridor.org/cpb/Zeller_et_al_2013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Seven of 13 corridors in Mexico are functioning with a width of at least {{cvt|14.25|km}} and a length of no more than {{cvt|320|km}}. The other corridors may hamper passage, as they are narrower and longer.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rodríguez-Soto, C. |author2=Monroy-Vilchis, O. |author3=Zarco-González, M.M. |year=2013 |name-list-style=amp |title=Corridors for jaguar (''Panthera onca'') in Mexico: Conservation strategies |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=438–443 |doi=10.1016/j.jnc.2013.07.002 |bibcode=2013JNatC..21..438R |url=https://www.academia.edu/35225702 |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129044432/https://www.academia.edu/35225702 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2012, the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] set aside {{cvt|838232|acres|km2|order=flip}} in Arizona and New Mexico for the protection of the jaguar.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service |year=2012 |title=Designation of Critical Habitat for Jaguar; Proposed Rule |journal=Federal Register |volume=77 |issue=161 |pages=50214–50242 |url=https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Documents/SpeciesDocs/Jaguar/Jaguar_pCH_FR_8-20-2012.pdf |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214001827/https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Documents/SpeciesDocs/Jaguar/Jaguar_pCH_FR_8-20-2012.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jaguar Recovery Plan was published in April 2019, in which [[Interstate 10]] is considered to form the northern boundary of the Jaguar Recovery Unit in Arizona and New Mexico.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sanderson, E.W. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Fisher, K. |author3=Peters, R. |author4=Beckmann, J.P. |author5=Bird, B. |author6=Bradley, C.M. |author7=Bravo, J.C. |author8=Grigione, M.M. |author9=Hatten, J.R. |author10=González, C.A.L. |author11=Menke, K. |author12=Miller, J.R.B. |author13=Miller, P.S. |author14=Mormorunni, C. |author15=Robinson, M.J. |author16=Thomas, R.E. |author17=Wilcox, S. |year=2021 |title=A systematic review of potential habitat suitability for the jaguar ''Panthera onca'' in central Arizona and New Mexico, USA |journal=Oryx |volume= 56|issue= |pages=116–127 |doi=10.1017/S0030605320000459 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In Mexico, a national conservation strategy was developed from 2005 on and published in 2016.<ref name=Ceballos2016/> The Mexican jaguar population increased from an estimated 4,000 individuals in 2010 to about 4,800 individuals in 2018. This increase is seen as a positive effect of conservation measures that were implemented in cooperation with governmental and non-governmental institutions and landowners.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ceballos, G. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Zarza, H. |author3=González-Maya, J.F. |author4=de la Torre, J.A. |author5=Arias-Alzate, A. |author6=Alcerreca, C. |author7=Barcenas, H.V. |author8=Carreón-Arroyo, G. |author9=Chávez, C. |author10=Cruz, C. |author11=Medellín, D. |year=2021 |title=Beyond words: From jaguar population trends to conservation and public policy in Mexico |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=e0255555 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255555 |pmid=34613994 |pmc=8494370 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655555C |doi-access=free}}</ref>

An evaluation of JCUs from Mexico to Argentina revealed that they overlap with high-quality habitats of about 1,500 mammals to varying degrees. Since co-occurring mammals benefit from the JCU approach, the jaguar has been called an [[umbrella species]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Thornton, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Zeller, K. |author3=Rondinini, C. |author4=Boitani, L. |author5=Crooks, K. |author6=Burdett, C. |author7=Rabinowitz, A. |author8=Quigley, H. |year=2016 |title=Assessing the umbrella value of a range-wide conservation network for jaguars (''Panthera onca'') |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=1112–1124 |doi=10.1890/15-0602 |jstor=24818150 |pmid=27509752 |bibcode=2016EcoAp..26.1112T |hdl=11573/893793 |url=https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/handle/11573/893793/279408/Thornton_Assessing_2016.pdf |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116083400/https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/handle/11573/893793/279408/Thornton_Assessing_2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Central American JCUs overlap with the habitat of 187 of 304 regional endemic amphibian and reptile species, of which 19 amphibians occur only in the jaguar range.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Figel, J.J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Castañeda, F. |author3=Calderón, A.P. |author4=Torre, J. |author5=García-Padilla, E. |author6=Noss, R.F. |year=2018 |title=Threatened amphibians sheltered under the big cat's umbrella: conservation of jaguars ''Panthera onca'' (Carnivora: Felidae) and endemic herpetofauna in Central America |journal=Revista de Biología Tropical |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1741–1753 |doi=10.15517/rbt.v66i4.32544 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Approaches===
[[File:Obscured jaguar.jpg|thumb|A jaguar in [[Belize]]]]
In setting up protected reserves, efforts generally also have to be focused on the surrounding areas, as jaguars are unlikely to confine themselves to the bounds of a reservation, especially if the population is increasing in size. Human attitudes in the areas surrounding reserves and laws and regulations to prevent poaching are essential to make conservation areas effective.<ref name=gutierrez>{{cite journal |last1=Gutierrez-Gonzalez |first1=C.E. |last2=Gomez-Ramirez |first2=M.A. |last3=Lopez-Gonzalez |first3=C.A. |last4=Doherty |first4=P.F. |year=2015 |name-list-style=amp |title=Are Private Reserves Effective for Jaguar Conservation? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=9 |page=e0137541 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1037541G |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0137541 |pmc=4580466 |pmid=26398115 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

To estimate population sizes within specific areas and to keep track of individual jaguars, [[camera trap]]ping and [[Telemetry#Fishery and wildlife research and management|wildlife tracking telemetry]] are widely used, and feces are sought out with the help of [[detection dog]]s to study jaguar health and diet.<ref name=soisalo>{{cite journal |last1=Soisalo |first1=M.K. |last2=Cavalcanti |first2=S.M.C. |year=2006 |name-list-style=amp |title=Estimating the density of a Jaguar population in the Brazilian Pantanal using camera-traps and capture-recapture sampling in combination with GPS radio-telemetry |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=487–496 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.023 |bibcode=2006BCons.129..487S |url=http://www.ekonoiz.com/Eco_Projects/Jaguar_Conservation/estimatingthedensityofjaguarsinthepantanal.pdf |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113193618/http://www.ekonoiz.com/Eco_Projects/Jaguar_Conservation/estimatingthedensityofjaguarsinthepantanal.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=furtado>{{cite journal |last1=Furtado |first1=M.M. |last2=Carrillo-Percastegui |first2=S.E. |last3=Jácomo |first3=A.T.A. |last4=Powell |first4=G. |last5=Silveira |first5=L. |last6=Vynne |first6=C. |last7=Sollmann |first7=R. |year=2008 |name-list-style=amp |title=Studying jaguars in the wild: past experiences and future perspectives |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 4 |pages=41–47 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.4._SI_4/Furtado_et_al_2008_Jaguar_field_methods_s.pdf |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212055/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.4._SI_4/Furtado_et_al_2008_Jaguar_field_methods_s.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Current conservation efforts often focus on educating ranch owners and promoting [[ecotourism]].<ref name=WWF>{{cite web |author=Estévez, E. |date=2009 |title=Jaguar Refuge in the Llanos Ecoregion |publisher=[[World Wildlife Fund]] |url=http://wwf.panda.org/es/nuestro_trabajo/latinoamerica/venezuela/index.cfm?uProjectID=VE0854 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217001905/http://wwf.panda.org/es/nuestro_trabajo/latinoamerica/venezuela/index.cfm?uProjectID=VE0854 |access-date= 1 September 2006 |archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> Ecotourism setups are being used to generate public interest in charismatic animals such as the jaguar while at the same time generating revenue that can be used in conservation efforts. A key concern in jaguar ecotourism is the considerable habitat space the species requires. If ecotourism is used to aid in jaguar conservation, some considerations need to be made as to how existing ecosystems will be kept intact, or how new ecosystems will be put into place that are large enough to support a growing jaguar population.<ref name=mossaz>{{cite journal |last1=Mossaz |first1=A. |last2=Buckley |first2=R.C. |last3=Castley |first3=J.G. |year=2015 |name-list-style=amp |title=Ecotourism contributions to conservation of African big cats |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |volume=28 |pages=112–118 |doi=10.1016/j.jnc.2015.09.009 |bibcode=2015JNatC..28..112M |hdl=10072/125191 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Conservationists and professionals in Mexico and the United States have established the {{cvt|56,000|acre}} [[Northern Jaguar Reserve]] in northern Mexico. Advocacy for reintroduction of the jaguar to its former range in Arizona and New Mexico have been supported by documentation of natural migrations by individual jaguars into the southern reaches of both states, the recency of extirpation from those regions by human action, and supportive arguments pertaining to biodiversity, ecological, human, and practical considerations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanderson |first1=E. W. |author2=Beckmann, J. P. |author3=Beier, P. |author4=Bird, B. |author5=Bravo, J. C. |author6=Fisher, K. |author7=Grigione, M. M. |author8=Lopez Gonzalez, C. A. |author9=Miller, J. R. |author10=Mormorunni, C. |author11=Paulson, L. |author12=Peters, R. |author13=Polisar, J. |author14=Povilitis, T. |author15=Robinson, M. J. |author16=Wilcox, S. |name-list-style=amp |title=The case for reintroduction: The jaguar (''Panthera onca'') in the United States as a model |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |date=2021 |volume=3 |issue=6 |page=e392 |doi=10.1111/csp2.392 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021ConSP...3E.392S}}</ref>