Editing Islamism (section)

====Salafi Jihadism====
{{Main|Salafi jihadism}}

Salafi Jihadism or revolutionary Salafism<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amghar |last2=Cavatorta |first1=Samir |first2=Francesco |date=17 March 2023 |title=Salafism in the contemporary age: Wiktorowicz revisited |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-023-00524-x |journal=Contemporary Islam |volume=17 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s11562-023-00524-x |via=Springer |page=3 |s2cid=257933043 |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508090448/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-023-00524-x |url-status=live }}</ref> emerged prominent during the 1980s when [[Osama bin Laden]] and thousands of other militant Muslims came from around the Muslim world to unite against the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Union after it invaded Afghanistan]].<ref name="By"/><ref name="deneoux">Deneoux, Guilain (June 2002). "The Forgotten Swamp: Navigating Political Islam". ''Middle East Policy''. pp. 69–71."</ref><ref name="BLivesey">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html |title=The Salafist movement by Bruce Livesey |publisher=PBS Frontline |date=2005 |access-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202818/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Kramer2003>{{cite journal |url=http://www.meforum.org/541/coming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists |title=Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists? |author=Kramer, Martin |journal=[[Middle East Quarterly]] |date=Spring 2003 |volume=X |issue=2 |pages=65–77 |quote=French academics have put the term into academic circulation as 'jihadist-Salafism.' The qualifier of Salafism—an historical reference to the precursor of these movements—will inevitably be stripped away in popular usage. |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-date=1 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101195913/http://www.meforum.org/541/coming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists |url-status=live }}</ref> Local Afghan Muslims ([[mujahideen]]) had declared jihad against the Soviets and were aided with [[Operation Cyclone|financial, logistical and military support]] by [[Saudi Arabia]] and the United States, but after Soviet forces left Afghanistan, this funding and interest by America and Saudi ceased. The international volunteers, (originally organized by [[Abdullah Azzam]]), were triumphant in victory, away from the moderating influence of home and family, among the 
radicalized influence of other militants.<ref name=kepel-orig /> Wanting to capitalize on financial, logistical and military network that had been developed<ref name="By">{{cite web |author=Byman, Daniel L |author2=Williams, Jennifer R. |date=24 February 2015 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/isis-vs-al-qaeda-jihadisms-global-civil-war/ |title=ISIS vs. Al Qaeda: Jihadism's global civil war |work=Brookings |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921200819/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/isis-vs-al-qaeda-jihadisms-global-civil-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> they sought to continue waging jihad elsewhere.<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002, p.219-220</ref> Their new targets, however, included the United States—funder of the mujahideen but "perceived as the greatest enemy of the faith"; and governments of majority-Muslims countries—perceived of as apostates from Islam.<ref name=jihad-220>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002, p.220</ref><ref name="kepel-orig">"Jihadist-Salafism" is introduced by Gilles Kepel, ''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam'' (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2002) pp. 219–222</ref>

Salafist-jihadist ideology combined the literal and traditional interpretations of scripture of Salafists, with the promotion and fighting of jihad against military and [[terrorism|civilian targets]] in the pursuit of the establishment of an [[Islamic state]] and eventually a new [[Caliphate]].<ref name=kepel-orig/><ref name="deneoux"/><ref name="Ha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alarab.co.uk/?id=30798 |title=القطبية الإخوانية والسرورية قاعدة مناهج السلفية التكفيرية | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205043603/http://www.alarab.co.uk/?id=30798 |archive-date=5 December 2017 |work=al-Arab Online}}</ref>{{NoteTag|As such, Salafi Jihadism envisions the Islamist goals akin to that of Salafism instead of the traditional Islamism exemplified by the mid-20th century Muslim Brotherhood, which is considered by Salafi Jihadis as excessively moderate and lacking in literal interpretations of the scriptures.<ref name="KepelJihad">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC |title = Jihad |access-date=24 October 2014 |isbn=978-1845112578 |last1=Kepel |first1= Gilles |last2 = Roberts |first2 = Anthony F. |year=2006 |publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing PLC }}</ref>}}

Other characteristics of the movement include the formal process of taking ''[[bay'ah]]'' (oath of allegiance) to the leader (''amir''), which is inspired by [[Hadith]]s and early Muslim practice and included in Wahhabi teaching;<ref name="wright-12-12-16">{{cite magazine |last=Wright |first=Robin |title=AFTER THE ISLAMIC STATE |magazine=The New Yorker |date=12 December 2016 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/12/after-the-islamic-state |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207140827/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/12/after-the-islamic-state |url-status=live }}</ref> and the concepts of "near enemy" (governments of majority-Muslims countries) and "far enemy" (United States and other Western countries). (The term "near enemy" was coined by [[Mohammed Abdul-Salam Farag]] who led the assassination of [[Anwar al-Sadat]] with [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] (EIJ) in 1981.)<ref name="No">{{cite web |author=Noah, Timothy |date=26 February 2009 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2009/02/the_nearenemy_theory.html |title=The Near-Enemy Theory |work=Slate |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726041454/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2009/02/the_nearenemy_theory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The "far enemy" was introduced and formally declared under attack by [[al-Qaeda]] in 1996.<ref name="No"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenational.ae/al-qaeda-grows-as-its-leaders-focus-on-the-near-enemy-1.342166 |title=Al Qaeda grows as its leaders focus on the 'near enemy' |work=The National |date=30 August 2013 |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929145114/https://www.thenational.ae/al-qaeda-grows-as-its-leaders-focus-on-the-near-enemy-1.342166 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ideology saw its rise during the '90s when the Muslim world experienced numerous geopolitical crisis,<ref name="By" /> notably the [[Algerian Civil War]] (1991–2002), [[Bosnian War]] (1992–1995), and the [[First Chechen War]] (1994–1996). Within these conflicts, political Islam often acted as a mobilizing factor for the local belligerents, who demanded financial, logistical and military support from al-Qaeda, in the exchange for active proliferation of the ideology.<ref name="By" /> After the [[1998 United States embassy bombing|1998 bombings of US embassies]], [[September 11 attacks]] (2001), the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|US-led invasion of Afghanistan]] (2001) and [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq]] (2003), Salafi Jihadism lost its momentum, being devastated by the US counterterrorism operations, culminating in [[Death of Osama bin Laden|bin Laden's death]] in 2011.<ref name="By" /> After the Arab Spring (2011) and subsequent [[Syrian civil war]] (2011–present), the remnants of al-Qaeda franchise in Iraq restored their capacity, rapidly developing into the [[Islamic State]] of Iraq and the Levant, spreading its influence throughout the conflict zones of [[MENA region]] and the globe. Salafi Jihadism makes up a minority of the contemporary Islamist movements.<ref name="Economist27Jun15">{{cite news |title=Salafism: Politics and the puritanical |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats |access-date=29 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=28 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628193924/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats |url-status=live }}</ref>