Editing Information science (section)

===Early beginnings===
[[File:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Bernhard Christoph Francke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], a German [[polymath]] who wrote primarily in Latin and French. His fields of study were [[Metaphysics]], [[Mathematics]], [[Theodicy]].]]
Information science, in studying the collection, [[classification]], manipulation, storage, [[information retrieval|retrieval]] and dissemination of [[information]] has origins in the common stock of human knowledge. Information analysis has been carried out by scholars at least as early as the time of the [[Assyrian Empire]] with the emergence of cultural depositories, what is today known as libraries and archives.<ref>Clark, John Willis. ''The Care Of Books: An Essay On The Development Of Libraries And Their Fittings, From The Earliest Times To The End Of The Eighteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1901</ref> Institutionally, information science emerged in the 19th century along with many other social science disciplines. As a science, however, it finds its institutional roots in the [[history of science]], beginning with publication of the first issues of ''[[Philosophical Transactions]],'' generally considered the first scientific journal, in 1665 by the Royal Society.

The [[institutionalization]] of science occurred throughout the 18th century. In 1731, [[Benjamin Franklin]] established the [[Library Company of Philadelphia]], the first library owned by a group of public citizens, which quickly expanded beyond the realm of books and became a center of [[scientific experimentation]], and which hosted public exhibitions of scientific experiments.<ref>Korty, Margaret Barton. "Benjamin Franklin and Eighteenth Century American Libraries." ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' December vol. 55.9 (1965)</ref> Benjamin Franklin invested a town in [[Massachusetts]] with a collection of books that the town voted to make available to all free of charge, forming the first [[public library]] of the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://franklinma.virtualtownhall.net/Pages/FranklinMA_Library/libraryhistory |title=Town of Franklin – History of the Franklin Public Library |publisher=Franklinma.virtualtownhall.net |date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2011-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724122448/http://franklinma.virtualtownhall.net/Pages/FranklinMA_Library/libraryhistory |archive-date=2011-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Academie de Chirurgia ([[Paris]]) published ''Memoires pour les Chirurgiens'', generally considered to be the first [[medical journal]], in 1736. The [[American Philosophical Society]], patterned on the [[Royal Society]] ([[London]]), was founded in Philadelphia in 1743. As numerous other scientific journals and societies were founded, [[Alois Senefelder]] developed the concept of [[lithography]] for use in mass printing work in [[Germany]] in 1796.