Editing Hyksos (section)

===Vassalage===
Many scholars have described the Egyptian dynasties contemporary to the Hyksos as "vassal" dynasties, an idea partially derived from the [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth-Dynasty]] literary text ''[[The Quarrel of Apophis and Seqenenre]]'',{{sfn|Flammini|2015|pp=236–237}} in which it is said "the entire land paid tribute to him [Apepi], delivering their taxes in full as well as bringing all good produce of Egypt."{{sfn|Ritner|Simpson|Tobin|Wente|2003|p=70}} The belief in Hyksos vassalage was challenged by Ryholt as "a baseless assumption."{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|p=323}} Roxana Flammini suggests instead that Hyksos exerted influence through (sometimes imposed) personal relationships and gift-giving.{{sfn|Flammini|2015|pp=239–243}} Manfred Bietak continues to refer to Hyksos vassals, including minor dynasties of West Semitic rulers in Egypt.{{sfn|Bietak|2012|pp=1–4}}