Editing History of music (section)

===Byzantine===
{{Main|Byzantine music}}
{{see also|List of Byzantine composers}}
[[Byzantine music|Prominent and diverse musical practices]] were present in the [[Byzantine Empire]], which existed by 395 to 1453.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Byzantine Empire &#124; History, Geography, Maps & Facts |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=Chicago |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire |access-date=2 October 2021 |last=Nicol |first=Donald MacGillivray |date=21 September 2021 |author-link=Donald Nicol |quote=When did the Byzantine Empire exist?: The Byzantine Empire existed from approximately 395 CE—when the Roman Empire was split—to 1453.}}</ref> Both sacred and secular music were commonplace, with [[sacred music]] frequently used in church services and [[secular music]] in many events including, ceremonies dramas, ballets, banquets, festivals and sports games.{{sfn|Levy|2001}}{{sfn|Touliatos|2001}} However, despite its popularity, secular Byzantine music was harshly criticized by the [[Church Fathers]], particularly [[Jerome]].{{sfn|Touliatos|2001}} Composers of sacred music, especially hymns and chants, are generally well documented throughout the history of Byzantine music. However, those before the reign of [[Justinian I]] are virtually unknown; the monks Anthimos, Auxentios and Timokles are said to have written [[troparia]], but only the text to a single one by Auxentios survives.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalfe |first=William |url={{google books|plainurl=y|dlIcAQAAIAAJ}} |title=The Scottish Review |publisher=Alexander Gardner |year=1898 |volume=XXXII |page=302}}</ref> The first major form was the [[kontakion]], of which [[Romanos the Melodist]] was the foremost composer.{{sfn|Levy|2001|loc="10. Syllabic hymn settings: (ii) Kontakion"}} In the late 7th century the [[Canon (hymnography)|kanōn]] overtook the kontakion in popularity; [[Andrew of Crete]] became its first significant composer, and is traditionally credited as the genre's originator,{{sfn|Levy|2001|loc="10. Syllabic hymn settings: (iii) Kanōn"}} though modern scholars now doubt this attribution.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=Andrew of Crete |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000000894 |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00894 |author=[[Enrica Follieri|Follieri, Enrica]] |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription}} {{Grove Music subscription}}</ref> The kañon reached its peak with the music of [[John of Damascus]] and [[Cosmas of Maiuma]] and later [[Theodore of Stoudios]] and [[Theophanes the Branded]] in the 8th and 9th centuries respectively.{{sfn|Levy|2001}} Composers of secular music are considerably less documented. Not until late in the empire's history are composers known by name, with [[Joannes Koukouzeles]], [[Xenos Korones]] and [[Joannes Glykys]] as the leading figures.{{sfn|Touliatos|2001|loc="3. Genres and composers."}}

Like their Western counterparts of the same period, Byzantine composers were primarily men.{{sfn|Touliatos-Banker|1984|p=62}} [[Kassia]] is a major exception to this; she was a prolific and important composer of [[sticheron]] hymns and the only woman whose works entered the [[Byzantine liturgy]].{{sfn|Mellas|2020|pp=147–148}} A few other women are known to have been composers, Thekla, Theodosia, Martha and the daughter of [[John Kladas]] (her given name is unrecorded).{{sfn|Touliatos-Banker|1984|p=80}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Touliatos |first=Diane |title=Rediscovering the Muses: Women's Musical Traditions |publisher=[[Northeastern University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-55553-219-2 |editor-last=Marshall |editor-first=Kimberly |editor-link=Kimberly Marshall |location=Boston |page=119 |chapter=The Traditional Role of Greek Women in Music from Antiquity to the End of the Byzantine Empire}}</ref> Only the latter has any surviving work, a single [[antiphon]].{{sfn|Touliatos-Banker|1984|p=63}} Some [[Byzantine emperor]]s are known to have been composers, such as [[Leo VI the Wise]] and [[Constantine VII]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2017 |title=Leo VI |encyclopedia=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |location=Horsham |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Leo_VI/ |last=Cartwright |first=Mark}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=Constantine VII Porphyrogennetus |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000006331 |last=Troelsgård |first=Christian |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06331 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription}} {{Grove Music subscription}}</ref>