Editing History of Israel (section)

===Jewish–Roman wars===
{{Main|Jewish–Roman wars|First Jewish-Roman War|Kitos War|Bar Kokhba revolt}}
[[File:Arch of Titus Menorah.png|thumb|The [[Arch of Titus]] in [[Rome]] depicts the [[Roman triumph]] celebrating the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|fall of Jerusalem]] in 70 CE]]
The Jewish–Roman wars were a series of large-scale [[Rebellion|revolts]] by [[Jews|Jewish]] subjects against the [[Roman Empire]] between 66 and 135 CE.<ref>Bloom, J.J. 2010  ''The Jewish Revolts Against Rome, A.D. 66–135: A Military Analysis''. McFarland.</ref> The term primarily applies to the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] (66–73 CE) and the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] (132–136 CE), nationalist rebellions striving to restore an independent [[Judea]]n state. Some sources also include the [[Diaspora Revolt]] (115–117 CE), an ethno-religious conflict fought across the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and including the [[Kitos War]] in Judaea.

The Jewish–Roman wars had a devastating impact on the Jewish people, transforming them from a major population in the Eastern Mediterranean into a dispersed and persecuted minority.<ref name="Hitti, P. K">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDQqzz-tLgUC&q=rebellion&pg=PR3 |title=Hitti, P. K. |isbn=9781931956604 |last1=Hitti |first1=Philip K. |year=2002 |publisher=Gorgias Press |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203325/https://books.google.com/books?id=hDQqzz-tLgUC&lr=&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=history+of+syria&ots=ZZhrXOtKxl&sig=db_jqtYJyNwYJJ4SKem8G0NzOv0&redir_esc=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> The First Jewish-Roman War culminated in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destruction of Jerusalem]] and other towns and villages in Judaea, resulting in significant loss of life and a considerable segment of the population being uprooted or displaced.<ref name="Schwartz-2014">{{Cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Seth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259 |title=The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04127-1 |location=Cambridge |pages=85–86 |oclc=863044259}}</ref> Those who remained were stripped of any form of political autonomy.<ref name="AHJ-GM3">{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Martin |title=A History of Judaism |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18127-1 |location=Princeton Oxford |pages=21, 232}}</ref> Subsequently, the brutal suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt resulted in even more severe consequences. Judea witnessed a significant depopulation, as many Jews were killed, expelled, or sold into slavery.<ref name="Taylor2">{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=J. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243 |title=The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea |date=15 November 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199554485 |quote=These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mor|2016|pp=483–484}}</ref> Jews were banned from residing in the vicinity of Jerusalem, which the Romans rebuilt into the pagan colony of [[Aelia Capitolina]], and the province of Judaea was renamed [[Syria Palaestina]]. Collectively, these events enhanced the role of [[Jewish diaspora]], relocating the Jewish demographic and cultural center to [[Galilee]] and eventually to [[Asoristan|Babylonia]], with smaller communities across the Mediterranean, the [[Middle East]], and beyond.

The Jewish–Roman wars also had a major impact on [[Judaism]], after the central worship site of [[Second Temple Judaism]], the [[Second Temple]] in Jerusalem, was destroyed by [[Titus]]'s troops in 70 CE.<ref name="Karesh-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Karesh |first=Sara E. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378 |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |year=2006 |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=1-78785-171-0 |oclc=1162305378 |quote=Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism. |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024548/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378 |url-status=live }}</ref> The destruction of the Temple led to a transformation in Jewish religious practices, emphasizing [[Jewish prayer|prayer]], [[Torah study]], and communal gatherings in [[synagogue]]s. This pivotal shift laid the foundation for the emergence of [[Rabbinic Judaism]], which has been the dominant form of Judaism since [[late antiquity]], after the codification of the [[Talmud|Babylonian Talmud]].<ref name="Karesh-2006b">{{Cite book |last=Karesh |first=Sara E. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378 |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |year=2006 |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-1-78785-171-9 |oclc=1162305378 |quote=Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism. |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024548/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378 |url-status=live }}</ref>