Editing History of Ghana (section)

===Pan-Africanist dream===

The pan-Africanist movement sought unity among people of African descent and also improvement in the lives of workers who, it was alleged, had been exploited by capitalist enterprises in Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Unlearning the Modern |journal=British Art Studies |date=September 2019 |doi=10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-13/floe-elliott/p12 |doi-access=free}}</ref> According to Nkrumah, his government, which represented the first black African nation to win Independence, had an important role to play in the struggle against capitalist interests on the continent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Herve|first=Julia|date=July 1973|title=Kwame Nkrumah: His Last Views of African Struggle|journal=The Black Scholar|volume=4|issue=10|pages=24–27|doi=10.1080/00064246.1973.11431328|issn=0006-4246}}</ref> As he put it, "the independence of Ghana would be meaningless unless it was tied to the total liberation of Africa."<ref name=nga />

On the continental level, Nkrumah sought to unite Africa so that it could defend its international economic interests and stand up against the political pressures from East and West that were a result of the Cold War.<ref name="Cornell University Press">{{Citation|title=Introduction: Phan Châu Trinh And His Political Writings|date=31 December 2018|work=Phan Chau Trinh and His Political Writings|pages=1–56|editor-last=Sinh|editor-first=Vinh|place=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press|doi=10.7591/9781501719417-005|isbn=978-1-5017-1941-7|s2cid=239299593}}</ref> His dream for Africa was a continuation of the pan-Africanist dream as expressed at the Manchester conference.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mackintosh|first=John P.|date=January 1968|title=Education and Changing West African Culture, Creating Political Order: The Party-States of West Africa, Political Change in a West African State: A Study of the Modernization Process in Sierra Leone and Dream of Unity: Pan-Africanism and Political Unification in West Africa|journal=International Affairs|volume=44|issue=1|pages=133–134|doi=10.2307/2613582|jstor=2613582|issn=1468-2346}}</ref> The initial strategy was to encourage revolutionary political movements in Africa. The CIA believed that Nkrumah's government provided money and training for pro-socialist guerrillas in Ghana, aided after 1964 by the Chinese Communist government. Several hundred trainees passed through this program, administered by Nkrumah's Bureau of African Affairs, and were sent on to countries such as Rhodesia, Angola, Mozambique, Niger and Congo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/im-ghanas-freedom-fighters-camp-and-chinese-communists|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918132741/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/im-ghanas-freedom-fighters-camp-and-chinese-communists|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2016|title=IM: GHANA'S FREEDOM FIGHTERS' CAMP AND THE CHINESE COMMUNISTS {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref> Politically, Nkrumah believed that a Ghana, Guinea, and Mali union would serve as the psychological and political impetus for the formation of a [[United States of Africa]]. When Nkrumah was criticized for paying little attention to Ghana or for wasting national resources in supporting external programmes, he reversed the argument and accused his opponents of being short-sighted.<ref name=nga />