Editing History of England (section)

===The first Angevins===
{{main|Angevin kings of England}}
[[File:Richard1TombFntrvd.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Richard I of England and Isabella of Angoulême]]
[[Empress Matilda]] and [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou|Geoffrey]]'s son, Henry, resumed the invasion; he was already Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy and Duke of Aquitaine when he landed in England. When Stephen's son and heir apparent [[Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne|Eustace]] died in 1153, Stephen made an agreement with Henry of [[County of Anjou|Anjou]] (who became [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]) to succeed Stephen and guarantee peace between them. The union was retrospectively named the [[Angevin Empire]]. Henry II destroyed the remaining adulterine castles and expanded his power through various means and to different levels into Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Flanders, Nantes, Brittany, Quercy, Toulouse, Bourges and Auvergne.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-03/special-b-_angevin_empire_special_subjec_2019-20.pdf |title=THE 'ANGEVIN EMPIRE', 1150s–1230s |year=2019 |pages=1–2}}</ref>

The reign of Henry II represents a reversion in power from the barony to the monarchical state in England; it also saw a similar redistribution of legislative power from the Church, again to the monarchical state. This period also presaged a properly constituted legislation and a radical shift away from [[feudalism]]. In his reign, new [[Anglo-Angevin]] and [[Anglo-Aquitanian]] aristocracies developed, though not to the same degree as the [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] once did, and the Norman nobles interacted with their French peers.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1133&context=honors|title=Feudal Strength!: Henry II and the struggle for royal control in England|author=Jordan Paul Carr|year=2007|journal=Senior Honors Theses & Projects|volume=134|publisher=Eastern Michigan University|accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref>

Henry's successor, [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] "the Lion Heart" (also known as "the absent king"), was preoccupied with foreign wars, taking part in the [[Third Crusade]], being captured while returning and pledging fealty to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] as part of his ransom,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-I-king-of-England/Imprisonment|title=Imprisonment of Richard I|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref> and defending his French territories against Philip II of France.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gillingham |first=John |title=The Angevin Empire |date=1984 |publisher=Edward Arnold |isbn=0-7131-6249-X |edition=1st |location=London}}</ref> His successor, his younger brother [[John, King of England|John]], lost much of those territories including Normandy following the disastrous [[Battle of Bouvines]] in 1214,<ref>* {{cite book|last=France |first=John |chapter=The Battle of Bouvines 27 July 1214 |title=The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach |editor-first=Gregory I. |editor-last=Halfond|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTjWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA251 |year=2015|pages=251–271 |location=Farnham, Surrey|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-1-4724-1958-3 }}</ref> despite having made the [[Kingdom of England]] a tribute-paying vassal of the [[Holy See]] in 1212,<ref name="pope innocent iii na">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08013a.htm|title=Pope Innocent III|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref> which it remained until the 14th century when the Kingdom rejected the overlordship of the Holy See and re-established its sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medievalchurch.org.uk/pdf/e-books/patterson/church-of-england_patterson.pdf|title=A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND|author=Rev. M. W. Patterson|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|year=1929|accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref> The first anti-Semitic pogroms occurred in the wake of Richard's crusades, in 1189–90, in York and elsewhere. In York, 150 Jews died.{{sfn|Maier|2022}}

From 1212 onwards, John had a constant policy of maintaining close relations with the Pope, which partially explains how he persuaded the Pope to reject the legitimacy of [[Magna Carta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.concordatwatch.eu/the-pope-cancels-the-magna-carta-1215--t41481|title=The Pope cancels the Magna Carta (1215)|publisher=Concordat Watch|accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref>