Editing History of Egypt (section)

== Ottoman Egypt ==
{{Main|History of Ottoman Egypt}}

[[File:Yavuz Sultan I. Selim Han.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Selim I]] (1470–1520), conquered Egypt]]After the 15th century, the Ottoman invasion pushed the Egyptian system into decline. The defensive militarization damaged its civil society and economic institutions.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /> The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of the plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion. Portuguese traders took over their trade.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /> Egypt suffered six famines between 1687 and 1731.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald Quataert|title=The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922|url=https://archive.org/details/ottomanempire00quat_522|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-83910-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/ottomanempire00quat_522/page/n138 115]}}</ref> The 1784 [[famine]] cost it roughly one-sixth of its population.<ref>"[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows]". ''ScienceDaily''. 22 November 2006</ref>

The brief [[French invasion of Egypt (1798)|French invasion of Egypt]] led by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] began in 1798. The campaign eventually led to the discovery of the [[Rosetta Stone]], creating the field of [[Egyptology]]. Despite early victories and an initially successful expedition into Syria, Napoleon and his [[Armée d'Orient (1798)|Armée d'Orient]] were eventually defeated and forced to withdraw, especially after suffering the defeat of the supporting French fleet at the [[Battle of the Nile]].