Editing History of Bermuda (section)

=== Anglo-Boer War ===

During the [[Anglo-Boer War]] (1899–1902), Bermuda received and housed a total of 5,000 Boer [[prisoners of war]] (POWs) on five of its islands. They were placed related to their views and authorities' assessment of risk. "Bitterenders" ({{langx|af|[[Bittereinder]]s}}), men who refused to pledge allegiance to the British Crown, were interned on Darrell's Island and closely guarded. Other islands were allowed to be nearly self-governing: Morgan's Island held 884 men, including 27 officers; Tucker's Island held 809 Boer prisoners, Burt's Island had 607, and Port's Island held 35.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angloboerwar.com/other-information/89-prisoner-of-war-camps/1838-camp-for-boers-bermuda|title=Camps for Boers – Bermuda|publisher=Angloboerwar.com|access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref>

In June 1901, ''The New York Times'' reported an attempted mutiny by 900 Boer prisoners of war en route to Bermuda on ''Armenian'', noting it was suppressed. It described the preparation of the camps for the men and said that martial law would hold on Darrell's Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20615FB355F1B738DDDA90B94DE405B818CF1D3 |title=THE PRISONERS AT BERMUDA. – Boers Attempted to Mutiny in the Course of the Voyage – Martial Law on Darrell's Island |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 June 1901|access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref> Several escapes happened soon after their arrival. A young Boer soldier escaped from Darrell's Island soon after arrival, reached the main docks, and stowed away on the steamship ''Trinidad'', arriving in New York on 9 July. He hoped to be allowed to stay in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70C10F63B5414728DDDA90994DF405B818CF1D3|title=ADVENTURES OF AN ESCAPED BOER PRISONER – Arrived Here as a Stowaway on the Steamship Trinidad. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 July 1901|access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref> Three prisoners of war escaped on 10 July from Darrell's Island to mainland Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F12F63A5D1A728DDDA80994DF405B818CF1D3|title=BOER PRISONERS ESCAPE. – Three Swim Away from Darrell's Island to the Mainland. – |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 July 1901|access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref>

The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain [[Fritz Joubert Duquesne]] who was serving a life sentence for "conspiracy against the British government and on (the charge of) espionage.".{{sfn|Ronnie|1995|p=37}} On the night of 25 June 1902, Duquesne slipped out of his tent, worked his way over a barbed wire fence, swam {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} past patrol boats and bright spot lights, through storm-wracked, using the distant [[Gibbs Hill Lighthouse]] for navigation until he arrived ashore on the main island.{{sfn|Ronnie|1995|pp=54,63}} From there he escaped to the port of [[St. George's, Bermuda|St. George's]] and a week later, he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland.{{sfn|Ronnie|1995|pp=65–66}} He settled in the US and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars. He claimed to be responsible for the 1916 death of [[Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] in the sinking of {{HMS|Hampshire|1903|6}}, the head of the British Army who had also commanded British forces in South Africa during the second Boer War, but this had resulted from a mine. In 1942, Colonel Duquesne was arrested by the [[FBI]] for leading the [[Duquesne Spy Ring]], which still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States.{{sfn|Duffy|2014|p=2}}

Lord Kitchener's brother, Lieutenant General Sir [[Frederick Walter Kitchener|Walter Kitchener]], had been the [[Governor of Bermuda]] from 1908 until his death in 1912. His son, Major Hal Kitchener, bought [[Hinson's Island, Bermuda|Hinson's Island]] (with his partner, Major Hemming, another First World War aviator). The island had formerly been part of the Boer POW camp, housing teenaged prisoners from 1901 to 1902.