Editing Hijab (section)

==Contemporary practice==
{{Further|Types of hijab|Hijab by country}}
[[File:A mother of one of the Camp Speicher massacre victims throws her headscarf at the Iraqi parliament speaker.webm|thumb|Wearing or not wearing a hijab can also be an act of protest. In August 2014 a mother of one of the [[Camp Speicher massacre]] victims threw her headscarf at the Iraqi parliament speaker, [[Salim al-Jabouri]].]]
The styles and practices of hijab vary widely across the world. An opinion poll conducted in 2014 by The University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research asked residents of seven Muslim-majority countries (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Tunisia, Turkey, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia) which style of women's dress they considered to be most appropriate in public.<ref name=2014poll>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/08/female-muslim-dress-survey_n_4564188.html|title=Female Muslim Dress Survey Reveals Wide Range Of Preferences On Hijab, Burqa, Niqab, And More|work=Huffington Post|date=23 January 2014|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052132/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/08/female-muslim-dress-survey_n_4564188.html|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that the headscarf (in its tightly- or loosely-fitting form) was chosen by the majority of respondents in Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia and Turkey. The response rate for people of Turkey was just about 60%.<ref name="2014poll" /> In Saudi Arabia, 63% gave preference to the ''[[niqab]]'' face veil; in Pakistan the ''niqab'', the full-length ''[[chador]]'' robe and the headscarf, received about a third of the votes each; while in Lebanon half of the respondents in the sample (which included Christians and Druze) opted for no head covering at all.<ref name=2014poll/><ref name=q&a/> The survey found "no significant difference" in the preferences between surveyed men and women, except in Pakistan, where more men favoured conservative women's dress.<ref name=q&a>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/01/14/qa-with-author-of-u-mich-study-on-preferred-dress-for-women-in-muslim-countries/|title=Q&A with author of U. Mich. study on preferred dress for women in Muslim countries|publisher=Pew Research Center|author=RICH MORIN|date=14 January 2014|access-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826052441/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/01/14/qa-with-author-of-u-mich-study-on-preferred-dress-for-women-in-muslim-countries/|archive-date=26 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> However, women more strongly support women's right to choose how to dress.<ref name=q&a/> People with university education are less conservative in their choice than those without one, and more supportive of women's right to decide their dress style, except in Saudi Arabia.<ref name=q&a/>
[[File:Iriana Joko Widodo in 2021.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Iriana]] wearing a ''türban'']]
Some fashion-conscious women have been turning to non-traditional forms of hijab such as turbans.<ref name=turban>{{cite news|title=Under wraps: Style savvy Muslim women turn to turbans|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/fashion-and-beauty/2014/10/09/Under-wraps-Style-savvy-Muslim-women-turn-to-turbans.html|author=Shounaz Meky|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=9 October 2014|access-date=26 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821211042/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/fashion-and-beauty/2014/10/09/Under-wraps-Style-savvy-Muslim-women-turn-to-turbans.html|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Beautiful Reasons Why These Women Love Wearing A Hijab|author=Yasmin Nouh|date=11 May 2016|work=The Huffington Post|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-beautiful-reasons-why-these-women-love-wearing-a-hijab_us_57320575e4b0bc9cb0482225|access-date=26 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910225918/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-beautiful-reasons-why-these-women-love-wearing-a-hijab_us_57320575e4b0bc9cb0482225|archive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> While some regard turbans as a proper head cover, others argue that it cannot be considered a proper Islamic veil if it leaves the neck exposed.<ref name=turban/>

In Iran, where wearing the hijab is legally required, many women push the boundaries of the state-mandated dress code, risking a fine or a spell in detention.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/playing-cat-and-mouse-with-irans-morality-police|publisher=Qantara.de|title=Playing cat and mouse with Iran's morality police|newspaper=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World |access-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816122843/https://en.qantara.de/content/playing-cat-and-mouse-with-irans-morality-police|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The former Iranian president [[Hassan Rouhani]] had vowed to rein in the morality police and their presence on the streets has decreased since he took office, but the powerful conservative forces in the country have resisted his efforts, and the dress codes are still being enforced, especially during the summer months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/jun/19/iran-morality-police-patrol|author=Yara Elmjouie|title=Iran's morality police: patrolling the streets by stealth|publisher=Tehran Bureau/The Guardian|date=19 June 2014|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729221426/https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/jun/19/iran-morality-police-patrol|archive-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> After [[Ebrahim Raisi]] became president, he started imposing hijab laws strictly, announcing use of facial recognition in public transport to enforce hijab law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Strzyżyńska |first1=Weronika |title=Iranian authorities plan to use facial recognition to enforce new hijab law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/05/iran-government-facial-recognition-technology-hijab-law-crackdown |access-date=2022-09-17 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2022-09-05}}</ref> An Iranian woman, [[Mahsa Amini]], died in custody of 'morality police' after they arrested her on new stricter hijab laws, which led to [[Mahsa Amini protests|widespread protests]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Strzyżyńska |first1=Weronika |title=Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |access-date=2022-09-17 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2022-09-16}}</ref> Women's resistance in Iran is gaining traction as an increasing number of women challenge the mandatory wearing of the hijab. Smith (2017) addressed the progress that Iranian women have made in her article, "Iran surprises by realizing Islamic dress code for women,"<ref name="Istanbul">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/article/iran-surprises-by-relaxing-islamic-dress-code-for-women-m9wmhkgl7|title=Iran surprises by relaxing Islamic dress code for women|last=Istanbul|first=Hannah Lucinda Smith|date=29 December 2017|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=1 May 2019|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501005745/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/iran-surprises-by-relaxing-islamic-dress-code-for-women-m9wmhkgl7|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> published by ''The Times'', a news organization based in the UK. The Iranian government has enforced their penal dress codes less strictly and instead of imprisonment as a punishment have implemented mandatory reform classes in the liberal capital, Tehran. General Hossein Rahimi, the Tehran's police chief stated, "Those who do not observe the Islamic dress code will no longer be taken to detention centers, nor will judicial cases be filed against them" (Smith, 2017). The remarks of Tehran's recent police chief in 2017 reflect political progress in contrast with the remarks of Tehran's 2006 police chief.<ref name="Istanbul"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/04/2008410141252572755.html|title=Fashion police get tough in Tehran|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501005746/https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/04/2008410141252572755.html|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Iranian women activists have made a headway since 1979 relying on fashion to enact cultural and political change.

In Turkey the hijab was formerly banned in private and state universities and schools. The ban applied not to the scarf wrapped around the neck, traditionally worn by Anatolian villager women, but to the head covering pinned neatly at the sides, called ''türban'' in Turkey, which has been adopted by a growing number of educated urban women since the 1980s. As of the mid-2000s, over 60% of Turkish women covered their head outside home. However the majority of those wear a traditional, non-Islamic head covering and only 11% wore a ''türban''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6122010.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] | title=Headscarf issue challenges Turkey | date=7 November 2006 | first=Sarah | last=Rainsford | access-date=24 June 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420191433/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6122010.stm | archive-date=20 April 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7025294.stm |title=Women condemn Turkey constitution |publisher=BBC News |first=Sarah |last=Rainsford |date=2 October 2007 |access-date=4 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813003706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7025294.stm |archive-date=13 August 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11880622 |publisher=BBC News | title=Quiet end to Turkey's college headscarf ban | date=31 December 2010 | author=Jonathan Head | access-date=21 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613170826/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11880622 | archive-date=13 June 2018 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="salon.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2007/04/23/headscarf/ |title=Head scarves to topple secular Turkey? |work=Salon |first=Tracy |last=Clark-Flory |access-date=4 August 2008 |date=23 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513032710/http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2007/04/23/headscarf/ |archive-date=13 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ban was lifted from universities in 2008,<ref>{{Cite news|last2=Knickmeyer|first1=Zehra 
|last1=Ayman |first2=Ellen|date=2008-02-10|title=Ban on Head Scarves Voted Out in Turkey|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004611/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/09/AR2008020900832.html |archive-date=19 October 2017|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/09/AR2008020900832.html|access-date=2023-01-02|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> from government buildings in 2013,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/world/europe/turkey-lifts-ban-on-head-scarves-in-state-offices.html?_r=0|title=Turkey Lifts Longtime Ban on Head Scarves in State Offices|newspaper=NY Times|date=8 October 2013|access-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205034716/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/world/europe/turkey-lifts-ban-on-head-scarves-in-state-offices.html?_r=0|archive-date=5 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and from schools in 2014.<ref name=news24.com>{{cite web|title=Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools|url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools-20140923|website=news24.com/|access-date=3 November 2014|date=23 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024090634/http://www.news24.com/world/news/turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools-20140923|archive-date=24 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Muna AbuSulayman - World Economic Forum on the Middle East, North Africa and Eurasia 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Muna AbuSulayman]] wearing a turban]]
The hijab is also a common cultural practice for Muslims in the West. For example, in a 2016 Environics poll, a large majority (73%) of Canadian Muslim women reported wearing some sort of head-covering in public (58% wear the hijab, 13% wear the [[chador]] and 2% wear the [[niqab]]). Wearing a head covering in public had increased since the 2006 survey.<ref name="poll">{{cite web |last1=Grenier |first1=Éric |title=Muslim Canadians increasingly proud of and attached to Canada, survey suggests |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-muslim-canadians-environics-1.3551591 |website=CBC News |access-date=2017-04-19 |date=2016-04-27}}</ref> Women who wear the Hijab may be called "'''hijabi'''".

Meanwhile, in a Pew Research Center poll from 2011, most Muslim American women also reported wearing hijab, 36% indicating they wore hijab whenever they were in public, with an additional 24% saying they wore it most or some of the time; 40% said they never wore hijab.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Pew Research Center|title=Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism; Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices|date=30 August 2011|url=http://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|access-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820230634/http://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|archive-date=20 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>