Editing Henry I of England (section)

== Later reign, 1107–1135 ==
=== Continental and Welsh politics, 1108–1114 ===
Normandy faced an increased threat from France, [[County of Anjou|Anjou]] and [[Flanders]] after 1108.<ref name=Hollister2003P221>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=221}}</ref> Louis VI succeeded to the French throne in 1108 and began to reassert central royal power.<ref name=Hollister2003P221/> Louis demanded Henry give homage to him and that two disputed castles along the Normandy border be placed into the control of neutral castellans.<ref>{{harvnb|Hallam|Everard|2001|p=153}}; {{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=223}}</ref> Henry refused, and Louis responded by mobilising an army.<ref name=Hollister2003P223>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=223}}</ref> After some arguments, the two kings negotiated a truce and retreated without fighting, leaving the underlying issues unresolved.<ref name=Hollister2003P223/>{{refn|The chronicler Abbot Suger suggested that the incident was embarrassing for Henry, since he had refused battle, but it was a sound military decision.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|p=120}}</ref>|group=nb}} [[Fulk V]] assumed power in Anjou in 1109 and began to rebuild Angevin authority.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=221, 224}}; {{harvnb|Hallam|Everard|2001|p=67}}</ref> He inherited the [[county of Maine]], but refused to recognise Henry as his feudal lord and instead allied himself with Louis.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=224}}</ref> [[Robert II of Flanders]] also briefly joined the alliance, before his death in 1111.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=224–225}}</ref>

[[File:Louis VI denier Bourges 1108 1137.jpg|thumb|left|[[Denier coin]] of Henry's rival, [[Louis VI of France]]]]

In 1108, Henry betrothed his six-year-old daughter Matilda to [[Henry V of Germany]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=216}}</ref> For the English king, this was a prestigious match; for Henry V, it was an opportunity to restore his financial situation and fund an expedition to Italy, as he received a dowry of £6,666 from England and Normandy.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=216–217}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=118}}</ref>{{refn|The dowry was 10,000 [[Mark (money)|marks]] in silver, equivalent to £6,666.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|p=118}}</ref>|group=nb}} Raising this money proved challenging, and required the implementation of a special "aid", or tax, in England.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=217}}</ref> Matilda was crowned [[German queen]] in 1110.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=218}}</ref>

Henry responded to the French and Angevin threat by expanding his own network of supporters beyond the Norman borders.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=225}}</ref> Some Norman barons deemed unreliable were arrested or dispossessed, and Henry used their forfeited estates to bribe his potential allies in the neighbouring territories, in particular Maine.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=225, 228}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=121}}</ref> Around 1110, Henry attempted to arrest the young William Clito, but William's mentors moved him to the safety of Flanders before he could be taken.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=227–228}}</ref> At about this time, Henry probably began to style himself as the duke of Normandy.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2003|p=65}}</ref>{{refn|In Latin, the ducal title was ''dux Normannorum'', literally "Duke of the Normans".<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2003|p=645}}</ref>|group=nb}} Robert of Bellême turned against Henry once again, and when he appeared at Henry's court in 1112 in a new role as a French ambassador, he was arrested and imprisoned.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=226–227}}</ref>

Rebellions broke out in France and Anjou between 1111 and 1113, and Henry crossed into Normandy to support his nephew [[Theobald IV, Count of Blois]], who had sided against Louis in the uprising.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|p=123}}; {{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=229}}</ref> In a bid to isolate Louis diplomatically, Henry created alliances with Anjou and [[Brittany]] by betrothing his young son, William Adelin, to Fulk of Anjou's daughter [[Matilda of Anjou|Matilda]] and marrying his illegitimate daughter [[Matilda FitzRoy, Duchess of Brittany|Matilda]] to [[Conan III, Duke of Brittany]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=230}}</ref> Louis backed down and in March 1113 met with Henry near Gisors to agree a peace settlement, giving Henry the disputed fortresses and confirming Henry's overlordship of Maine, [[Bellême]] and Brittany.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=231–232}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the situation in Wales was deteriorating. Henry had conducted a campaign in South Wales in 1108, pushing out royal power in the region and colonising the area around Pembroke with Flemings.<ref>{{harvnb|Carpenter|2004|pp=38, 140}}</ref> By 1114, some of the resident Norman lords were under attack, while in Mid-Wales, [[Owain ap Cadwgan]] blinded one of the political hostages he was holding, and in [[North Wales]] [[Gruffudd ap Cynan]] threatened the power of the [[Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester|Earl of Chester]].<ref name=Green2009P132>{{harvnb|Green|2009|p=132}}</ref> Henry sent three armies into Wales that year, with [[Gilbert Fitz Richard]] leading a force from the south, [[Alexander I of Scotland]] pressing from the north and Henry himself advancing into Mid-Wales.<ref name=Green2009P132/> Owain and Gruffudd sued for peace, and Henry accepted a political compromise.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=132–133}}</ref> He reinforced the Welsh Marches with his own appointees, strengthening the border territories.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|p=133}}</ref>

=== Rebellion, 1115–1120 ===
[[File:Henry I coins.jpg|thumb|Silver [[Penny (English coin)|pennies]] of Henry I, struck at the [[Oxford]] [[Mint (facility)|mint]]]]

Concerned about the succession, Henry sought to persuade Louis VI to accept his son, William Adelin, as the legitimate future Duke of Normandy, in exchange for his son's homage.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=238}}</ref> Henry crossed into Normandy in 1115 and assembled the Norman barons to swear loyalty; he also almost successfully negotiated a settlement with Louis, affirming William's right to the Duchy in exchange for a large sum of money. Louis, backed by his ally [[Baldwin VII of Flanders]], instead declared that he considered William Clito the legitimate heir to the Duchy.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=239–240}}</ref>

War broke out after Henry returned to Normandy with an army to support Theobald of Blois, who was under attack from Louis.<ref name=HollisterP246GreenP135>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=246}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=135}}</ref> Henry and Louis raided each other's towns along the border, and a wider conflict then broke out, probably in 1116.<ref name=HollisterP246GreenP135/>{{refn|The dating of this campaign is uncertain; Judith Green places it firmly in 1116, while Warren Hollister is less certain, opting for it falling between 1116 and 1118.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=246}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=135, 138}}</ref>|group=nb}} Henry was pushed onto the defensive as French, Flemish and Angevin forces began to pillage the Normandy countryside.<ref name=Hollister2003Green2009PP246>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=246–248}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=135, 143}}</ref> [[Amaury III of Montfort]] and many other barons rose up against Henry, and there was an assassination plot from within his own household.<ref name=Hollister2003Green2009PP246/> Queen Matilda died in early 1118, but the situation in Normandy was sufficiently pressing that Henry was unable to return to England for her funeral.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=139–140}}; {{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=247}}</ref>

Henry responded by mounting campaigns against the rebel barons and deepening his alliance with Theobald.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=250–251}}</ref> Baldwin of Flanders was wounded in battle and died in September 1118, easing the pressure on Normandy from the north-east.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=251}}</ref> Henry attempted to crush a revolt in the city of [[Alençon]], but was defeated by Fulk and the Angevin army.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=252}}</ref> Forced to retreat from Alençon, Henry's position deteriorated alarmingly, as his resources became overstretched and more barons abandoned his cause.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=253}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=143, 146}}</ref> Early in 1119, Henry's daughter Juliane and son-in-law Eustace of Breteuil threatened to join the baronial revolt.<ref name=Hollister2003P253>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=253}}</ref> Hostages were exchanged in a bid to avoid conflict, but relations broke down and both sides mutilated their captives.<ref name=HollisterPP253-254/> Henry attacked and took the town of [[Breteuil, Eure]], despite Juliane's attempt to kill her father with a [[crossbow]].<ref name=HollisterPP253-254>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=253–254}}</ref>{{refn|In February 1119, Eustace and Juliane, formerly allies of Henry, threatened to rebel unless they were given the castle of [[Ivry-la-Bataille]].<ref name=Hollister2003P253/> Henry promised Eustace the fortress and, to show good intent, exchanged hostages, the couple's daughters being exchanged with the son of the castle's constable.<ref name=Hollister2003P253/> According to the chronicler Orderic Vitalis, Eustace then blinded the constable's son, whereupon Henry allowed the daughters – his granddaughters – to be blinded and mutilated.<ref name=HollisterPP253-254/> Eustace attempted to mobilise his forces and defend Breteuil against an attack by Henry; despite this, Henry took the city and Juliane, after attempting to kill Henry with a crossbow, fled.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=254}}</ref>|group=nb}} In the aftermath, Henry dispossessed the couple of almost all of their lands in Normandy.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=254–255}}</ref>

Henry's situation improved in May 1119 when he enticed Fulk to switch sides by finally agreeing to marry William Adelin to Fulk's daughter Matilda and paying Fulk a large sum of money.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=261}}</ref> Fulk left for the [[Levant]], leaving the County of Maine in Henry's care, and the King was free to focus on crushing his remaining enemies.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=261}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=149}}</ref> During the summer Henry advanced into the Norman Vexin, where he encountered Louis's army, resulting in the [[Battle of Brémule]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=263–264}}</ref> Henry appears to have deployed scouts and then organised his troops into several carefully formed lines of dismounted knights.<ref name=Hollister2003P264>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=264}}</ref> Unlike Henry's forces, the French knights remained mounted; they hastily charged the Anglo-Norman positions, breaking through the first rank of the defences but then becoming entangled in Henry's second line of knights.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=264}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=152}}</ref> Surrounded, the French army began to collapse.<ref name=Hollister2003P264/> In the [[melee]], Henry was hit by a sword blow, but his armour protected him.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=264–265}}</ref> Louis and William Clito escaped from the battle, leaving Henry to return to Rouen in triumph.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=265}}</ref>

The war slowly petered out after this battle, and Louis took the dispute over Normandy to [[Pope Callixtus II]]'s council in [[Reims]] that October.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=265–266}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=153–154}}</ref> Henry faced French complaints concerning his acquisition and subsequent management of Normandy, and despite being defended by [[Geoffrey Brito|Geoffrey]], the Archbishop of Rouen, Henry's case was shouted down by the pro-French elements of the council.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=267}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=157}}</ref> Callixtus declined to support Louis, and merely advised the two rulers to seek peace.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=267–268}}</ref> Amaury de Montfort came to terms with Henry, but Henry and William Clito failed to find a mutually satisfactory compromise.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=268–269}}</ref> In June 1120, Henry and Louis formally made peace on terms advantageous to the English king: William Adelin gave homage to Louis, and in return Louis confirmed William's rights to the Duchy.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=274}}</ref>

=== Succession crisis, 1120–1124 ===
[[File:WhiteShipSinking.jpg|thumb|left|Early 14th-century depiction of the sinking of the ''[[White Ship]]'' at [[Barfleur]] on 25 November 1120]]

Henry's succession plans were thrown into chaos by the sinking of the ''[[White Ship]]'' off the French coast on 25 November 1120.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=276–279}}</ref> Henry had left the port of [[Barfleur]] for England in the early evening, leaving William Adelin and many of the younger members of the court to follow on that night in a separate vessel, the ''White Ship''.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=276–277}}</ref> Both the crew and passengers were drunk and, just outside the harbour, the ship hit a submerged rock.<ref name=Hollister203PP277>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=277–278}}</ref>{{refn|The submerged rock was probably the [[Quillebœuf Rock]].<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|p=66}}</ref>|group=nb}} The ship sank, killing as many as 300 people, with only one survivor, a butcher from Rouen.<ref name=Hollister203PP277/> Henry's court was initially too scared to report William's death to the King. When he was finally told, he collapsed with grief.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=278}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=167}}</ref>

The disaster left Henry with no legitimate son, his nephews now the closest possible male heirs.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=280}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=168}}</ref> Henry announced he would take a new wife, [[Adeliza of Louvain]], opening up the prospect of a new royal son, and the two were married at [[Windsor Castle]] in January 1121.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=280}}</ref>{{refn|The speed with which Henry's second marriage took place may indicate that he had been planning to remarry anyway, even before the ''White Ship'' disaster.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|p=169}}</ref>|group=nb}} Henry appears to have chosen her because she was attractive and came from a prestigious noble line. Adeliza seems to have been fond of Henry and joined him in his travels, probably to maximise the chances of her conceiving a child.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=281}}; {{harvnb|Thompson|2003|p=137}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=169}}</ref> The ''White Ship'' disaster initiated fresh conflict in Wales, where the drowning of Richard, Earl of Chester, encouraged a rebellion led by [[Maredudd ap Bleddyn]].<ref name=Hollister2003P282>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=282}}</ref> Henry intervened in North Wales that summer with an army and, although he was hit by a Welsh arrow, the campaign reaffirmed royal power across the region.<ref name=Hollister2003P282/>

Henry's alliance with Anjou – which had been based on his son William marrying Fulk's daughter Matilda – began to disintegrate.<ref name=Hollister2003P290>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=290}}</ref> Fulk returned from the Levant and demanded that Henry return Matilda and her dowry, a range of estates and fortifications in Maine.<ref name=Hollister2003P290/> Matilda left for Anjou, but Henry argued that the dowry had in fact originally belonged to him before it came into the possession of Fulk, and so declined to hand the estates back to Anjou.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=291}}.</ref> Fulk married his daughter [[Sibylla of Anjou|Sibylla]] to William Clito, and granted them Maine.<ref name=Hollister2003P292>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=292}}</ref> Once again, conflict broke out, as Amaury de Montfort allied himself with Fulk and led a revolt along the Norman-Anjou border in 1123.<ref name=Hollister2003P292/> Amaury was joined by several other Norman barons, headed by [[Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester|Waleran de Beaumont]], one of the sons of Henry's old ally, Robert of Meulan.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=292–293}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=179}}</ref>{{refn|It is uncertain what led Waleran de Beaumont to rebel against Henry. Waleran may have genuinely believed that William Clito had a rightful claim to the Duchy, and have thought that he was unlikely to benefit under Henry's rule.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=179–180}}; {{harvnb|Crouch|1986|p=15}}</ref>|group=nb}}

Henry dispatched his illegitimate son [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester|Robert of Gloucester]] and [[Ranulf le Meschin]] to Normandy and then intervened himself in late 1123.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=293–294}}</ref> He began the process of besieging the rebel castles, before wintering in the Duchy.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=297–298}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=184}}</ref> In the spring of 1124, campaigning began again. In the [[Battle of Bourgthéroulde]], fought near [[Rouen]], Borleng, castellan of [[Bernay, Eure]], led the King's army and received intelligence that the rebels were departing from the rebel base in [[Beaumont-le-Roger]] allowing him to ambush them as they traversed through the [[Pont de Brotonne|Brotonne]] forest. Waleran charged the royal forces, but his knights were cut down by Odo's archers and the rebels were quickly overwhelmed.<ref name=Hollister2003P300>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=300}}</ref> Waleran was captured, but Amaury escaped.<ref name=Hollister2003P300/> Henry mopped up the remainder of the rebellion, blinding some of the rebel leaders&nbsp;– considered, at the time, a more merciful punishment than execution&nbsp;– and recovering the last rebel castles.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=302–303}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=186–187}}</ref> He paid Pope Callixtus a large amount of money, in exchange for the Papacy annulling the marriage of William Clito and Sibylla on the grounds of [[consanguinity]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=306}}</ref>{{refn|Medieval Church law at the time forbade marriage within seven degrees. In practice most of the upper classes were related in this way, but the law could be invoked on occasion to annul marriages.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2006|p=20}}</ref>|group=nb}}

=== Planning the succession, 1125–1134 ===
Henry and Adeliza did not conceive any children, generating prurient speculation as to the possible explanation, and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=308–309}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=170}}</ref>{{refn|It is not known precisely what the rumours about Henry's failure to bear children were, and whether the issue lay with one or both partners.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=170}}</ref>|group=nb}} Henry may have begun to look among his nephews for a possible heir. He may have considered [[Stephen of Blois]] as a possible option and, perhaps in preparation for this, he arranged a beneficial marriage for Stephen to the wealthy heiress [[Matilda of Boulogne]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=310}}</ref> Theobald of Blois, his close ally, may have also felt that he was in favour with Henry.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|p=168}}</ref> William Clito, who was Louis VI's preferred choice, remained opposed to Henry and was therefore unsuitable.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=312–313}}</ref> Henry may have also considered his own illegitimate son, Robert of Gloucester, as a possible candidate, but English tradition and custom would have looked unfavourably on this.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=311–312}}</ref>

Henry's plans shifted when his son-in-law, Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, died in 1125.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=396}}</ref> The King recalled his widowed daughter, Empress Matilda, to England the next year and declared that, should he die without a male heir, she was to be his rightful successor.<ref name=Hollister2003P309>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=309}}</ref> The Anglo-Norman barons were gathered together at Westminster at Christmas 1126, where they swore to recognise Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have.<ref name=Hollister2003P309/>{{refn|Medieval chroniclers' accounts of this oath vary on the points of detail. William of Malmesbury described that those present recognised Matilda as the legitimate heir on the basis of her paternal and maternal royal descent; [[John of Worcester]] described the inheritance of England as being conditional on Matilda having a legitimate male heir; the Anglo-Saxon chronicle suggested that an oath was given concerning the inheritance of both England and Normandy; neither Orderic nor Henry of Huntingdon recorded the event at all. Some chronicler accounts may have been influenced by Stephen's acquisition of the throne in 1135 and the later events of the Anarchy.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=193–194}}</ref>|group=nb}} Putting forward a woman as a potential heir in this way was unusual: opposition to Matilda continued to exist within the English court, and Louis was vehemently opposed to her candidacy.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=318}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=191}}</ref>

Fresh conflict broke out in 1127, when the childless [[Charles I, Count of Flanders]], was murdered, creating a local succession crisis.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=196–197}}</ref> With Louis's support, the Flemings chose William Clito to become their new ruler.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2009|p=197}}</ref> This development potentially threatened Normandy, and Henry began to finance a [[proxy war]] in Flanders, promoting the claims of William's Flemish rivals.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=319–321}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=197–198}}</ref> In an effort to disrupt the French alliance with William, Henry mounted an attack into France in 1128, forcing Louis to cut his aid to William.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=321}}</ref> William died unexpectedly in July, removing the last major challenger to Henry's rule and bringing the war in Flanders to a halt.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=325–326}}</ref> Without William, the baronial opposition in Normandy lacked a leader. A fresh peace was made with France, and Henry was finally able to release the remaining prisoners from the revolt of 1123, including Waleran of Meulan, who was rehabilitated into the royal court.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=326}}; {{harvnb|Newman|1988|pp=57–58}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Henry rebuilt his alliance with Fulk of Anjou, this time by marrying Matilda to Fulk's eldest son, Geoffrey.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=323}}</ref> The pair were betrothed in 1127 and married the following year.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=324}}</ref> It is unknown whether Henry intended Geoffrey to have any future claim on England or Normandy, and he was probably keeping his son-in-law's status deliberately uncertain. Similarly, although Matilda was granted several castles in Normandy as part of her dowry, it was not specified when the couple would actually take possession of them.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|pp=324–325}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=202–203}}</ref> Fulk left Anjou for [[Jerusalem]] in 1129, declaring Geoffrey the Count of Anjou and Maine.<ref>{{harvnb|Chibnall|1993|pp=56, 60}}</ref> The marriage proved difficult, as the couple did not particularly like each other and the disputed castles proved a point of contention, resulting in Matilda returning to Normandy later that year.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=463}}; {{harvnb|Chibnall|1993|p=57}}</ref> Henry appears to have blamed Geoffrey for the separation, but in 1131 the couple were reconciled.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=463}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|pp=58–61}}</ref> Much to the pleasure and relief of Henry, Matilda then gave birth to two sons, [[Henry II of England|Henry]] and [[Geoffrey, Count of Nantes|Geoffrey]], in 1133 and 1134.<ref>{{harvnb|Hollister|2003|p=465}}; {{harvnb|Green|2009|p=213}}</ref>