Editing Hemorrhoid (section)

==History==
[[File:11th century English surgery.jpg|thumb|upright|An 11th-century English miniature. On the right is an operation to remove hemorrhoids.]]

The first known mention of this disease is from a 1700 BC Egyptian [[papyrus]], which advises: "Thou shouldest give a recipe, an ointment of great protection; [[acacia]] leaves, ground, titurated and cooked together. Smear a strip of fine linen there-with and place in the anus, that he recovers immediately."<ref name="Charles2002(book)" /> In 460 BC, the [[Hippocratic corpus]] discusses a treatment similar to modern rubber band ligation: "And hemorrhoids in like manner you may treat by transfixing them with a needle and tying them with very thick and woolen thread, for application, and do not foment until they drop off, and always leave one behind; and when the patient recovers, let him be put on a course of [[Hellebore]]."<ref name="Charles2002(book)" /> Hemorrhoids may have been described in the [[Bible]], with earlier English translations using the now-obsolete spelling "[[emerods]]".<ref name=Kaidar2007 />

[[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Celsus]] (25 BC – 14 AD) described ligation and excision procedures and discussed the possible complications.<ref name="Agbo 2011" /> [[Galen]] advocated severing the connection of the arteries to veins, claiming it reduced both pain and the spread of gangrene.<ref name="Agbo 2011">{{cite journal |last = Agbo |first = Indru Khubchandani |title = Surgical management of hemorrhoids |journal = Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |date = 1 January 2011 |volume = 3 |issue = 2 |pages = 68–75 |doi = 10.4103/2006-8808.92797 |pmid = 22413048 |pmc = 3296437 |doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[Susruta Samhita]] (4th–5th century BC) is similar to the words of Hippocrates, but emphasizes wound cleanliness.<ref name="Charles2002(book)" /> In the 13th century, European surgeons such as [[Lanfranc of Milan]], [[Guy de Chauliac]], [[Henri de Mondeville]], and John of Ardene made great progress and development of the surgical techniques.<ref name="Agbo 2011" />

In medieval times, hemorrhoids were also known as [[Saint Fiacre]]'s curse after a sixth-century saint who developed them following tilling the soil.<ref name=ascr1>{{Cite web |first = Peter |last = Cataldo |title = Hemorrhoids |publisher = American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons |location = Arlington Heights, IL |url = http://www.fascrs.org/physicians/education/core_subjects/2005/hemorrhoids/ |year = 2005 |access-date = 30 September 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055121/http://www.fascrs.org/physicians/education/core_subjects/2005/hemorrhoids/ |archive-date = 3 December 2013 }}</ref> The first use of the word ''hemorrhoid'' in English occurs in 1398, derived from the [[Old French]] {{Lang|fro|emorroides}}, from [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|hæmorrhoida}},<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dhaemorrhoida hæmorrhoida] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225135402/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dhaemorrhoida |date=2011-02-25 }}, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, ''A Latin Dictionary'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> in turn from the Greek {{Lang|grc|αἱμορροΐς}} ({{Lang|grc-latn|haimorrhois}}), {{Gloss|liable to discharge blood}}, from {{Lang|grc|αἷμα}} ({{Lang|grc-latn|haima}}), {{Gloss|blood}}<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dai%28%3Dma αἷμα] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605030523/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dai%28%3Dma |date=2011-06-05 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> and {{Lang|grc|ῥόος}} ({{Lang|grc-latn|rhoos}}), {{Gloss|stream, flow, current}},<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28o%2Fos ῥόος] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605023332/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28o%2Fos |date=2011-06-05 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> itself from {{Lang|grc|ῥέω}} ({{Lang|grc-latn|rheo}}), {{Gloss|to flow, to stream}}.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28e%2Fw ῥέω] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605023328/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28e%2Fw |date=2011-06-05 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref>