Editing Hawaii (section)

====1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations====
In 1887, Kalākaua was forced to sign the [[1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i]]. Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers, the document stripped the king of much of his authority. It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier, white elite. Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not. As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the Bayonet Constitution. King Kalākaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, Queen [[Liliuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]], succeeded him; she was the last monarch of Hawai{{okina}}i.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.21&toc=0|title=Ulukau: The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874–1893, The Kalakaua dynasty|website=www.ulukau.org|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120043915/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.21&toc=0|archive-date=January 20, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1893, Lili{{okina}}uokalani announced plans for a new constitution to proclaim herself an absolute monarch. On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed the [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)|Committee of Safety]] to stage a [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|coup d'état]] against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States. U.S. Government Minister [[John L. Stevens]], responding to a request from the Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. The queen's soldiers did not resist. According to historian William Russ, the monarchy was unable to protect itself.<ref name="Adam">{{cite book | last = Russ | first = William Adam | title = The Hawaiian Revolution (1893–94) | publisher=Associated University Presses | year = 1992 | page = 350 | isbn = 978-0-945636-43-4}}</ref> In ''Hawaiian Autonomy'', Lili{{Okina}}uokalani states: <blockquote>If we did not by force resist their final outrage, it was because we could not do so without striking at the military force of the United States. Whatever constraint the executive of this great country may be under to recognize the present government at Honolulu has been forced upon it by no act of ours, but by the unlawful acts of its own agents. Attempts to repudiate those acts are vain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen. |url=https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/hawaii.html#LVII |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=digital.library.upenn.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=G. |first=Long, Michael |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1237408556 |title=We the Resistance Documenting a History of Nonviolent Protest in the United States. |date=2021 |publisher=City Lights Publishers |isbn=978-0-87286-851-9 |oclc=1237408556}}</ref></blockquote>In a message to Sanford B. Dole, Lili{{Okina}}uokalani states:<blockquote>Now to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest, and impelled by said force, yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon the facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894, Appendix II, Affairs in Hawaii – Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1894app2/d82 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref></blockquote>