Editing Gunpowder Plot (section)

==Reaction==
[[File:Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury by John De Critz the Elder (2).jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=A three-quarter portrait of a white man, dressed entirely in black with a white lace ruff. He has brown hair, a short beard, and a neutral expression. His left hand cradles a necklace he is wearing. His right hand rests on the corner of a desk, upon which are notes, a bell, and a cloth carrying a crest. Latin text on the painting reads "Sero, Sed, Serio".|Robert Cecil, <br /> 1st Earl of Salisbury. <br /> Painting by [[John de Critz]] the Elder, 1602.]]
Bates and Keyes were captured shortly after Holbeche House was taken. Digby, who had intended to give himself up, was caught by a small group of pursuers. Tresham was arrested on 12 November, and taken to the Tower three days later. Montague, Mordaunt, and Stourton (Tresham's brother-in-law) were also imprisoned in the Tower. The Earl of Northumberland joined them on 27 November.<ref name="Fraserpp235236">{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=235–236}}</ref> Meanwhile, the government used the revelation of the plot to accelerate its persecution of Catholics. The home of [[Anne Vaux]] at [[Enfield Chase]] was searched, revealing the presence of trap doors and hidden passages. A terrified servant then revealed that Garnet, who had often stayed at the house, had recently given a Mass there. [[John Gerard (Jesuit)|John Gerard]] was secreted at the home of [[Elizabeth Vaux]], in Harrowden. Vaux was taken to London for interrogation. There she was resolute: she had never been aware that Gerard was a priest, she had presumed he was a "Catholic gentleman", and she did not know of his whereabouts.<!-- Elizabeth Vaux eventually got bail --> The homes of the conspirators were searched, and looted; Mary Digby's household was ransacked, and she was made destitute.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=236–241}}</ref> Some time before the end of November, Garnet moved to [[Hindlip Hall]] near [[Worcester, England|Worcester]], the home of the [[Thomas Habington|Habingtons]], where he wrote a letter to the Privy Council protesting his innocence.<ref name="ODNB Garnett">{{Citation | last = McCoog | first = Thomas M. | chapter = Garnett, Henry (1555–1606) | title = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2004 | url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10389 |format=subscription required | accessdate = 16 November 2009 | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/10389}}</ref>

The foiling of the Gunpowder Plot initiated a wave of national relief at the delivery of the King and his sons, and inspired in the ensuing parliament a mood of loyalty and goodwill, which Salisbury astutely exploited to extract higher subsidies for the King than any (bar one) granted in Elizabeth I's reign.<ref>{{Harvnb|Croft|2003|p=64}}</ref> Walter Raleigh, who was languishing in the Tower owing to his involvement in the [[Main Plot]], and whose wife was a first cousin of Lady Catesby, declared he had had no knowledge of the conspiracy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|p=228}}</ref> The Bishop of Rochester gave a sermon at St. Paul's Cross, in which he condemned the plot.<ref name="Fraserpp232233"/> In his speech to both Houses on 9 November, James expounded on two emerging preoccupations of his monarchy: the [[divine right of kings]] and the Catholic question. He insisted that the plot had been the work of only a few Catholics, not of the English Catholics as a whole,{{efn|James said that it did not follow "that all professing that [[Romish]] religion were guilty of the same".<ref>{{Harvnb|Stewart|2003|p=225}}</ref>}} and he reminded the assembly to rejoice at his survival, since kings were divinely appointed and he owed his escape to a miracle.<ref>{{Harvnb|Willson|1963|p=226}}</ref> Salisbury wrote to his English ambassadors abroad, informing them of what had occurred, and also reminding them that the King bore no ill will to his Catholic neighbours. The foreign powers largely distanced themselves from the plotters, calling them atheists and Protestant heretics.<ref name="Fraserpp232233">{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=232–233}}</ref>

===Interrogations===
[[File:Guy Fawkes confession.png|left|thumb|alt=A small irregular section of parchment upon which several lines of handwritten text are visible. Several elaborate signatures bookend the text, at the bottom.|Part of a confession by Guy Fawkes. His weak signature, made soon after his torture, is faintly visible under the word "good" (lower right).]]
Sir [[Edward Coke]] was in charge of the interrogations. Over a period of about ten weeks, in the Lieutenant's Lodgings at the Tower of London (now known as the Queen's House) he questioned those who had been implicated in the plot. For the first round of interrogations, no real proof exists that these people were tortured, although on several occasions Salisbury certainly suggested that they should be. Coke later revealed that the threat of torture was in most cases enough to elicit a confession from those caught up in the aftermath of the plot.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=241–244}}</ref>

Only two confessions were printed in full: Fawkes's confession of 8 November, and Wintour's of 23 November. Having been involved in the conspiracy from the start (unlike Fawkes), Wintour was able to give extremely valuable information to the Privy Council. The handwriting on his testimony is almost certainly that of the man himself, but his signature was markedly different. Wintour had previously only ever signed his name as such, but his confession is signed "Winter", and since he had been shot in the shoulder, the steady hand used to write the signature may indicate some measure of government interference—or it may indicate that writing a shorter version of his name was less painful.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|p=106}}</ref> Wintour's testimony makes no mention of his brother, Robert. Both were published in the so-called ''King's Book'', a hastily written official account of the conspiracy published in late November 1605.<ref name="ODNB Thomas Wintour">{{Citation |last=Nicholls |first=Mark | chapter = Winter, Thomas (c.&nbsp;1571–1606) | title = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2004 | url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29767 |format=subscription required | accessdate = 16 November 2009 | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/29767}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=242–245}}</ref>

Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, was in a difficult position. His midday dinner with Thomas Percy on 4 November was damning evidence against him,<ref>{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|p=93}}</ref> and after Thomas Percy's death there was nobody who could either implicate him or clear him. The Privy Council suspected that Northumberland would have been Princess Elizabeth's protector had the plot succeeded, but there was insufficient evidence to convict him. Northumberland remained in the Tower and on 27 June 1606 was finally charged with contempt. He was stripped of all public offices, fined £30,000 (about £{{formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|30000|1606|r=-5}}|0}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}), and kept in the Tower until June 1621.<ref>{{Citation |last=Nicholls |first=Mark |chapter=Percy, Henry, ninth earl of Northumberland (1564–1632) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21939 |format=subscription required |accessdate=16 November 2009 | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/21939}}</ref> The Lords Mordaunt and Stourton were tried in the [[Star Chamber]]. They were condemned to imprisonment in the Tower, where they remained until 1608, when they were transferred to the [[Fleet Prison]]. Both were also given significant fines.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|p=333}}</ref>

Several other people not involved in the conspiracy, but known or related to the conspirators, were also questioned. Northumberland's brothers, Sir Allen and Sir Josceline Percy, were arrested. Lord Montagu had employed Fawkes at an early age, and had also met Catesby on 29 October, and was therefore of interest; he was released several months later.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|pp=125–126}}</ref> [[Agnes Wenman]] was from a Catholic family, and related to Elizabeth Vaux.{{efn|Vaux had written a letter to Wenman regarding the marriage of her son Edward Vaux. The letter contained certain phrases which were open to interpretation, and was intercepted by Richard Wenman, who thought it suspicious.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=151–152}}</ref>}} She was examined twice but the charges against her were eventually dropped.<ref>{{Citation |last=Griffiths |first=Jane |chapter=Wenman , Agnes, Lady Wenman (d. 1617) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29044 |format=subscription required |accessdate=16 November 2009 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/29044}}</ref> Percy's secretary and later the controller of Northumberland's household, [[Dudley Carleton, 1st Viscount Dorchester|Dudley Carleton]], had leased the vault where the gunpowder was stored, and consequently he was imprisoned in the Tower. Salisbury believed his story, and authorised his release.<ref>{{Citation |last=Reeve |first=L. J. |chapter=Carleton, Dudley, Viscount Dorchester (1574–1632) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4670 |format=subscription required |accessdate=16 November 2009 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/4670}}</ref>

===Jesuits===
[[File:Hindlip hall.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A monochrome illustration of a large medieval building, with many windows, turrets, and chimneys. Sculpted bushes surround the house, which is surrounded by fields and trees.|[[Hindlip Hall]] in [[Worcestershire]]]]
Thomas Bates confessed on 4 December, providing much of the information that Salisbury needed to link the Catholic clergy to the plot. Bates had been present at most of the conspirators' meetings, and under interrogation he implicated Tesimond in the plot. On 13 January 1606, he described how he had visited Garnet and Tesimond on 7 November to inform Garnet of the plot's failure. Bates also told his interrogators of his ride with Tesimond to Huddington, before the priest left him to head for the Habingtons at Hindlip Hall, and of a meeting between Garnet, Gerard, and Tesimond in October 1605.

At about the same time in December, Tresham's health began to deteriorate. He was visited regularly by his wife, a nurse, and his servant William Vavasour—who documented his [[strangury]]. Before he died, Tresham had also told of Garnet's involvement with the 1603 mission to Spain, but in his last hours he retracted some of these statements. Nowhere in his confession did he mention the Monteagle letter. He died early on the morning of 23 December, and was buried in the Tower. Nevertheless, he was [[attainted]] along with the other plotters; his head was set on a pike either (accounts differ) at [[Northampton]] or [[London Bridge]], and his estates confiscated.<!-- Fraser says his estate went to his brother p253 --><ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|p=249}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Nicholls |first=Mark |chapter=Tresham, Francis (1567?–1605) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27708 |format=subscription required |accessdate=16 November 2009 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/27708}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|p=104}}</ref>

On 15 January a proclamation named Garnet, Gerard, and Greenway (Tesimond) as wanted men.<ref>Thomas Rymer, [https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_foedera-conventiones-l_rymer-thomas_1704_16/page/639/mode/2up ''Foedera'', 16, pp. 639–640]</ref> Tesimond and Gerard<ref name="ODNB Gerard">{{Citation | last = McCoog | first = Thomas M. |chapter=Gerard, John (1564–1637) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher =Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10556 |format=subscription required |accessdate=20 November 2009 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/10556}}</ref> escaped the country and lived out their days in freedom. Several days earlier, on 9 January, Robert Wintour and Stephen Littleton had been captured. They had been hiding at [[Hagley]], the home of [[Humphrey Littleton]], brother of MP [[John Lyttelton (MP)|John Littleton]], imprisoned for treason in 1601 for his part in the Essex revolt.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|p=79}}</ref> They were betrayed by a cook, who grew suspicious of the amount of food sent up for his master's consumption. Humphrey denied the presence of the two fugitives, but another servant led the authorities to their hiding place.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=255–256}}</ref> On 20 January, the local Justice of the Peace and his retainers arrived at Thomas Habington's home, [[Hindlip Hall]], to arrest the Jesuits. Despite Thomas Habington's protests, the men spent the next four days searching the house. On 24 January, starving, the Jesuit lay-brothers [[Nicholas Owen (Jesuit)]] (who had built the hides at Hindlip) and [[Ralph Ashley]], the servant of [[Edward Oldcorne]] (Habington's chaplain) left their hiding place<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodgetts|1989|p=172}}</ref> and were arrested. Humphrey Littleton, who had escaped from the authorities at Hagley, got as far as [[Prestwood (Kinver)|Prestwood]] in [[Staffordshire]] before he was captured. He was imprisoned, and then condemned to death at [[Worcester, England|Worcester]]. On 26 January, in an attempt to trade his friends for his life, he told the authorities where they could find Garnet. Worn down by hiding for so long, Garnet, accompanied by Oldcorne, emerged from his [[priest hole]] the next day.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=256–257, 260–261}}</ref>

===Trials===
[[File:Edward coke.jpg|right|thumb|upright|alt=Portrait of a man dressed in black with a white lace ruff|[[Edward Coke]] conducted the interrogations of those thought to be involved with the conspiracy.]]
By coincidence, on the same day that Garnet was found, the surviving conspirators were [[arraignment|arraigned]] in [[Westminster Hall]]. Seven of the prisoners were taken from the Tower to the [[Star Chamber]] by barge. Bates, who was considered lower class, was brought from the [[Gatehouse Prison]]. Some of the prisoners were reportedly despondent, but others were nonchalant, even smoking [[tobacco]]. The King and his family, hidden from view, were among the many who watched the trial. The Lords Commissioners present were the Earls of [[Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk|Suffolk]], Worcester, Northampton, [[William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire|Devonshire]], and Salisbury. Sir [[John Popham (judge)|John Popham]] was [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales|Lord Chief Justice]], Sir [[Thomas Fleming (judge)|Thomas Fleming]] was [[Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer]], and two Justices, Sir [[Thomas Walmsley (judge)|Thomas Walmsley]] and Sir [[Peter Warburton (judge)|Peter Warburton]], sat as [[List of Justices of the Court of Common Pleas|Justices of the Common Pleas]]. The list of traitors' names was read aloud, beginning with the priests: Garnet, Tesimond, and Gerard.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=263–265}}</ref><ref name="Haynespp110111">{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|pp=110–111}}</ref>

The first to speak was the [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]] (later [[Master of the Rolls]]), Sir [[Edward Phelips (speaker)|Edward Philips]], who described the intent behind the plot in lurid detail.<ref name="Haynespp110111"/> He was followed by the [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney-General]] Sir [[Edward Coke]], who began with a long speech—heavily influenced by Salisbury—that included a denial that the King had ever made any promises to the Catholics. Monteagle's part in the discovery of the plot was welcomed, and denunciations of the 1603 mission to Spain featured strongly. Fawkes's protestations that Gerard knew nothing of the plot were omitted from Coke's speech. The foreign powers, when mentioned, were accorded due respect, but the priests were accursed, their behaviour criticised wherever possible. There was little doubt, according to Coke, that the plot had been invented by the Jesuits. Garnet's meeting with Catesby, at which the former was said to have absolved the latter of any blame in the plot, was proof enough that the Jesuits were central to the conspiracy;<ref name="Fraserpp266269">{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=266–269}}</ref> according to Coke the Gunpowder Plot would always be known as the "Jesuit Treason".<ref name=WilsonP136>{{Harvnb|Wilson|2002|p=136}}</ref> Coke spoke with feeling of the probable fate of the Queen and the rest of the King's family, and of the innocents who would have been caught up in the explosion.<ref name="Fraserpp266269"/>

{{Quote box
| quote = I never yet knew a treason without a Romish priest; but in this there are very many Jesuits, who are known to have dealt and passed through the whole action.
| source = Sir [[Edward Coke]]<ref name="Haynespp110111"/>
| width = 33%
| align = left
}}

Each of the condemned, said Coke, would be drawn backwards to his death, by a horse, his head near the ground. He was to be "put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of both". His genitals would be cut off and burnt before his eyes, and his bowels and heart then removed. Then he would be decapitated, and the dismembered parts of his body displayed so that they might become "prey for the fowls of the air".<ref name="Fraserpp266269"/> Confessions and declarations from the prisoners were then read aloud, and finally the prisoners were allowed to speak. Rookwood claimed that he had been drawn into the plot by Catesby, "whom he loved above any worldy man". Thomas Wintour begged to be hanged for himself and his brother, so that his brother might be spared. Fawkes explained his not-guilty plea as ignorance of aspects of the indictment. Keyes appeared to accept his fate, Bates and Robert Wintour begged for mercy, and Grant explained his involvement as "a conspiracy intended but never effected".<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=270–271}}</ref> Only Digby, tried on a separate indictment,<ref name="Haynespp110111"/> pleaded guilty, insisting that the King had reneged upon promises of toleration for Catholics, and that affection for Catesby and love of the Catholic cause mitigated his actions. He sought [[death by the axe]] and begged mercy from the King for his young family.<ref name="ODNB Everard Digby">{{Citation | last = Nicholls | first = Mark | chapter = Digby, Sir Everard (c.1578–1606) | title = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2004 | url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7626 | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/7626 |format=subscription required | accessdate = 16 November 2009}}</ref> His arguments were rebuked by Coke and Northumberland, and along with his seven co-conspirators, he was found guilty by the [[jury]] of [[High treason in the United Kingdom|high treason]]. Digby shouted "If I may but hear any of your lordships say, you forgive me, I shall go more cheerfully to the gallows." The response was short: "God forgive you, and we do."<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|p=273}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|p=113}}</ref>

Garnet may have been questioned on as many as 23&nbsp;occasions. His response to the threat of the rack was "{{lang|la|Minare ista pueris}} [Threats are only for boys]",{{efn|Haynes (2005) appears to have misspelt this as ''Min{{sic|hide=y|ute}} ista pueris''.}} and he denied having encouraged Catholics to pray for the success of the "Catholic Cause". His interrogators resorted to the forgery of correspondence between Garnet and other Catholics, but to no avail. His jailers then allowed him to talk with another priest in a neighbouring cell, with eavesdroppers listening.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|pp=116–119}}</ref> Eventually Garnet let slip a crucial detail, that there was only one man who could testify that he had any knowledge of the plot. Under torture Garnet admitted that he had heard of the plot from fellow Jesuit Oswald Tesimond, who had learnt of it in confession from Catesby.<ref>{{Harvnb|Northcote Parkinson|1976|p=103}}</ref> Garnet was charged with high treason and tried in the [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] on 28 March from 8&nbsp;am until 7&nbsp;pm.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|p=120}}</ref> According to Coke, Garnet instigated the plot:

<blockquote>[Garnet] hath many gifts and endowments of nature, by art learned, a good linguist and, by profession, a Jesuit and a [[Superior (hierarchy)|Superior]] as indeed he is Superior to all his predecessors in devilish treason, a Doctor of Dissimulation, Deposing of Princes, Disposing of Kingdoms, Daunting and deterring of subjects, and Destruction.</blockquote> Garnet refuted all the charges against him, and explained the Catholic position on such matters, but he was found guilty and sentenced to death.<ref name="ODNB Garnett"/>{{Clear}}

===Executions===
[[File:The execution of Guy Fawkes' (Guy Fawkes) by Claes (Nicolaes) Jansz Visscher.jpg|thumb|340px|right|alt=A monochrome illustration of a busy urban scene. Medieval buildings surround an open space, in which several men are being dragged by horses. One man hangs from a scaffold. A corpse is being hacked into pieces. Another man is feeding a large cauldron with a dismembered leg. Thousands of people line the streets and look from windows. Children and dogs run freely. Soldiers keep them back.|Engraving of conspirators of the Gunpowder Plot being [[hanged, drawn and quartered]] in London.]]
Although Catesby and Percy escaped the executioner, their bodies were exhumed and decapitated, and their heads exhibited on spikes outside the House of Lords.<ref name="Fraserpp235236"/> On 30 January, Everard Digby, Robert Wintour, John Grant, and Thomas Bates were tied to hurdles—wooden panels<ref>{{Harvnb|Thompson|2008|p=102}}</ref>—and dragged through the crowded streets of London to [[St Paul's Churchyard]]. Digby, the first to mount the scaffold, asked the spectators for forgiveness, and refused a Protestant clergyman. He was stripped of his clothing, and wearing only a shirt, climbed the ladder to place his head through the noose. He was quickly cut down, and while still fully conscious was [[castrated]], [[Disembowelment#DisembowelmentEngland|disembowelled]], and then [[Dismemberment|quartered]], along with the three other prisoners.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|pp=115–116}}</ref> The following day, Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood, Robert Keyes, and Guy Fawkes were [[hanged, drawn and quartered]], opposite the building they had planned to blow up, in the [[Old Palace Yard]] at Westminster.<ref>{{Citation | last = Nicholls | first=Mark |chapter=Rookwood, Ambrose (c.&nbsp;1578–1606) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24066 |format=subscription required |accessdate=16 November 2009 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/24066}}</ref> Keyes did not wait for the hangman's command and jumped from the gallows, but he survived the drop and was led to the quartering block. Although weakened by his torture, Fawkes managed to jump from the gallows and break his neck, avoiding the agony of the gruesome latter part of his execution.<ref>{{Harvnb|Northcote Parkinson|1976|pp=91–92}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|pp=279–283}}</ref>

Steven Littleton was executed at [[Stafford]]. His cousin Humphrey, despite his co-operation, met his end at [[Red Hill, Worcester|Red Hill]] near Worcester.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haynes|2005|p=129}}</ref> Henry Garnet was executed on 3 May 1606.<ref>{{Harvnb|Northcote Parkinson|1976|pp=114–115}}</ref>