Editing Gujarati language (section)

===Categorisation and sources===
These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: ''tadbhav'', ''tatsam'', and loanwords.<ref>Snell, R. (2000) ''Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script''. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 83–86.</ref>

====Tadbhav====
{{lang|gu|તદ્ભવ}} ''tadbhava'', "of the nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from [[Sanskrit]] (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati ''tadbhav'' words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources:

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"|Old Indo-Aryan
!colspan="2"|Gujarati
!Ref
|-
|I||''ahám''||''hũ''|| ||{{sfnp|Turner|1966|loc=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:773.soas p. 44. Entry 992.]}}
|-
||falls, slips||''khasati''||''khasvũ''||to move||{{sfnp|Turner|1966|loc=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:229.soas p. 203. Entry 3856.]}}
|-
||causes to move||''arpáyati''||''āpvũ''||to give||{{sfnp|Turner|1966|loc=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:552.soas p. 30. Entry 684.]}}
|-
||attains to, obtains||''prāpnoti''||''pāmvũ''|| ||{{sfnp|Turner|1966|loc=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:2005.soas p. 502. Entry 8947.]}}
|-
|tiger||''vyāghrá''||''vāgh''|| ||{{sfnp|Turner|1966|loc=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:2126.soas p. 706. Entry 12193.]}}
|-
||equal, alike, level||''samá''||''samũ''||right, sound||{{sfnp|Turner|1966|loc=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:541.soas p. 762. Entry 13173.]}}
|-
||all||''sárva''||''sau/sāv''|| ||{{sfnp|Turner|1966|loc=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:616.soas p. 766. Entry 13276.]}}
|}

====Tatsam====
{{lang|gu|તત્સમ}} ''tatsama'', "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan]], it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and [[liturgical language]] for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves.

{| class="wikitable"
!Tatsam
!English
!Gujarati
|-
||''lekhak''||writer||''lakhnār''
|-
||''vijetā''||winner||''jītnār''
|-
||''vikǎsit''||developed||''vikǎselũ''
|-
||''jāgǎraṇ''||awakening||''jāgvānũ''
|}

Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ ''prasāraṇ'' means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are [[neologism]]s, often being [[calque]]s. An example is ''telephone'', which is [[Greek language|Greek]] for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ ''durbhāṣ''. Most people, though, just use ફોન ''phon'' and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance.

So, while having unique ''tadbhav'' sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher ''tatsam'' pool. Also, ''tatsam''s and their derived ''tadbhav''s can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning:
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"|Tatsam
!colspan="2"|Tadbhav
|-
||''[[karma]]''||Work—[[Dharmic]] religious concept of works or deeds whose divine consequences are experienced in this life or the next.||''kām''||work [without any religious connotations].
|-
||''kṣetra''||Field—Abstract sense, such as a field of knowledge or activity; ''khāngī kṣetra'' → private sector. Physical sense, but of higher or special importance; ''raṇǎkṣetra'' → battlefield.||''khetar''||field [in agricultural sense].
|}

What remains are words of foreign origin (''videśī''), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (''deśaj''). The former consists mainly of [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]], and English, with trace elements of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkish]]. While the phenomenon of English [[loanword]]s is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling ''tatsam'' as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it is being used in, bringing to mind ''tadbhav''.

====Perso-Arabic====
{{See also|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}}
India was ruled for many centuries by Persian-speaking [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Muslims]], amongst the most notable being the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and the [[Mughal dynasty]]. As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ''ke''. Also, while ''tatsam'' or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenised. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. ''dāvo'' – claim, ''fāydo'' – benefit, ''natījo'' – result, and ''hamlo'' – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, ''o''. ''khānũ'' – compartment, has the neuter ''ũ''. Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary ''karvũ'', a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: ''kabūlvũ'' – to admit (fault), ''kharīdvũ'' – to buy, ''kharǎcvũ'' – to spend (money), ''gujarvũ'' – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel.

Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu [[dictionary]] so that Gujarati's singular masculine ''o'' corresponds to Urdu ''ā'', neuter ''ũ'' groups into ''ā'' as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian ''z'' is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to ''j'' or ''jh''. In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Central Asia]], perhaps 500&nbsp;years ago.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=75}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="12"|Nouns
!rowspan="2" colspan="12"|Adjectives
|-
!colspan="4"|{{abbr|m|masculine}}
!colspan="4"|{{abbr|n|neuter}}
!colspan="4"|{{abbr|f|feminine}}
|-
|''fāydo''
|gain, advantage, benefit
|A
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.5:1:1202.platts 776]}}
|''khānũ''
|compartment
|P
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:2080.platts 486]}}
|''kharīdī''
|purchase(s), shopping
|P
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:2215.platts 489]}}
|''tājũ''
|fresh
|P
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:778.platts 305]}}
|-
|''humlo''
|attack
|A
|{{sfnp|Tisdall|1892|p=168}}
|''makān''
|house, building
|A
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.7:1:147.platts 1057]}}
|''śardī''
|[[common cold]]
|P
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:2715.platts 653]}}
|''judũ''
|different, separate
|P
|{{sfnp|Tisdall|1892|p=170}}
|-
|''dāvo''
|claim
|A
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:3371.platts 519]}}
|''nasīb''
|luck
|A
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.7:1:3404.platts 1142]}}
|''bāju''
|side
|P
|{{sfnp|Tisdall|1892|p=160}}
|''najīk''
|near
|P
|{{sfnp|Tisdall|1892|p=177}}
|-
|''natījo''
|result
|A
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.7:1:2542.platts 1123]}}
|''śaher''
|city
|P
|{{sfnp|Tisdall|1892|p=184}}
|''cījh''
|thing
|P
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:1580.platts 471]}}
|''kharāb''
|bad
|A
|{{sfnp|Tisdall|1892|p=172}}
|-
|''gusso''
|anger
|P
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.5:1:1046.platts 771]}}
|''medān''
|plain
|P
|{{sfnp|Tisdall|1892|p=175}}
|''jindgī''
|life
|P
|{{sfnp|Tisdall|1892|p=169}}
|''lāl''
|red
|P
|{{sfnp|Platts|1884|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.6:1:2251.platts 947]}}
|}

Lastly, Persian, being part of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian language family]] as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates:{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=71}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Persian !! Indo-Aryan !! English
|-
|''marăd''||''martya''||man, mortal
|-
|''[[-stan|stān]]''||''sthān''||place, land
|-
|''ī''||''īya''||(adjectival suffix)
|-
|''band''||''bandh''||closed, fastened
|-
|''shamsheri''
|''aarkshak''
|policeman
|}

[[Zoroastrian]] Persian [[refugee]]s known as [[Parsi people|Parsis]] also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati.{{sfnp|Tisdall|1892|p=15}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" align=right style="margin-left: 1em"
|+Loan words in Gujarati
!{{shade|100|Gujarati}}!! {{shade|100|Source language}}
|-
{{loan words row|gu|ચા|zh|茶|en=tea|translit=cā|from=no}}
{{loan words row|gu|ટુવાલ|en|towel|script=Gujr|translit=tuvāl}}
{{loan words row|gu|મિસ્ત્રી|pt|mestre|script=Gujr|translit=mistrī|english=carpenter|fenglish=master}}
{{loan words row|gu|સાબુ|pt|sabão|script=Gujr|translit=sābu|english=soap}}
{{loan words row|gu|અનાનસ|script=Gujr|translit=anānas|pt|english=pineapple|ananás}}
{{loan words row|gu|પાદરી|script=Gujr|translit=pādrī|pt|english=Catholic priest|padre|fenglish=father}}
|}

====English====

With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through [[British Raj|British colonial rule]], and then streaming in on the basis of continued [[English language|Anglophone]] dominance in the [[India|Republic of India]]. Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|pp=49–50}} ''See [[Hinglish]], [[Code-switching]]''.

In matters of sound, English [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] consonants map as [[Retroflex consonant|retroflexes]] rather than [[Dental consonant|dentals]]. Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words do not go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying of dentals. ''See [[Indian English]]''.

As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as ''tatsam'' words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Gujarati ''o'' over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning.

====Portuguese====
The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be (''see [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese-based creole languages#India and Sri Lanka|Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka]]''). Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=49}} and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=73}} The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ''ch'' as an affricate instead of the current standard of {{IPA|[ʃ]}}.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=75}}