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==Association with volcanoes and earthquakes== Various locations associated with the Giants and the Gigantomachy were areas of volcanic and seismic activity (e.g. the [[Phlegraean Fields]] west of [[Naples]]), and the vanquished Gigantes (along with other "giants") were said to be buried under volcanos. Their subterranean movements were said to be the cause of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.<ref>It has been common for cultures (including the ancient Greeks) to attribute earthquakes and volcanoes to the movements of buried "giants", see Andrews, "Earthquakes" [https://books.google.com/books?id=7jS65aClvFEC&pg=PA62 pp. 62–63], "Giants" [https://books.google.com/books?id=7jS65aClvFEC&pg=PA81 p. 81], "Volcanoes" [https://books.google.com/books?id=7jS65aClvFEC&pg=PA218 pp. 218–219]; Cook, [https://archive.org/stream/zeusstudyinancie03cook#page/2/mode/2up n. 5 pp. 2–3]; Frazer 1914, [https://archive.org/stream/goldenboughstudy05frazuoft#page/196/mode/2up p. 197]: "The people of Timor, in the East Indies, think that the earth rests on the shoulders of a mighty giant, and that when he is weary of bearing it on one shoulder he shifts it to the other and so causes the ground to quake"; [https://archive.org/stream/goldenboughstudy05frazuoft#page/200/mode/2up pp. 200–201]: "The Tongans think that the earth is supported on the prostrate form of the god Móooi. When he is tired of lying in one posture, he tries to turn himself about, and that causes an earthquake"; Hanfmann 1937, p. 475; Lemprière [https://books.google.com/books?id=YeYYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA456 "MYCŎNOS" p. 456]; [[Philostratus the Elder]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/imagines00philuoft#page/198/mode/2up 2.17.5 (pp. 198–201)].</ref> The Giant Enceladus was thought to lay buried under [[Mount Etna]], the volcano's eruptions being the breath of Enceladus, and its tremors caused by the Giant rolling over from side to side beneath the mountain<ref>[[Callimachus]], [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/342/mode/2up fragment 117 (382) (pp. 342–343)]; [[Statius]], ''[[Thebaid (Latin poem)|Thebaid]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/statiuswithengli02statuoft#page/390/mode/2up 11.8 (pp. 390–391)]; ''Aetna'' (perhaps written by [[Lucilius Junior]]), [https://archive.org/stream/aetna___00elliuoft#page/8/mode/2up 71–73 (pp. 8–9)]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.2 1.6.2]; [[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Verg.+A.+3.578 3.578 ff.] (with Conington's note to [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0050%3Abook%3D3%3Acommline%3D578 3.578]); [[Philostratus]], ''[[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/lifeofapollonius01phil#page/498/mode/2up 5.16 (pp. 498–501)]; [[Claudian]], ''Rape of Proserpine'' [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/304/mode/2up 1.153–159 (pp. 304–305)], [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/328/mode/2up 2.151–162 (pp. 328–331)], [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/358/mode/2up 3.186–187 (pp. 358–359)]; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' (or ''Fall of Troy'') [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/252/mode/2up 5.641–643 (pp. 252–253)], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/606/mode/2up 14.582–585 (pp. 606–607)]. [[Philostratus the Elder]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/imagines00philuoft#page/198/mode/2up 2.17.5 (pp. 198–201)] has Enceladus buried in Italy rather than Sicily.</ref> (the monster [[Typhon]]<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1 1.15–29], ''Olympian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D4 4.6–7]; [[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D343 353–374]; [[Nicander]], ''apud'' [[Antoninus Liberalis]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Eolzuv0eQC&pg=PA87 28]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/ovidsfasti00oviduoft#page/224/mode/2up 4.491–492 (pp. 224–225)], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D5%3Acard%3D341 5.346 ff.] (which has Typhon buried under all of Sicily, with his left and right hands under [[Punta del Faro|Pelorus]] and [[Pachynus]], his feet under [[Lilybaeum|Lilybaeus]], and his head under Etna); [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ValeriusFlaccus2.html 2.23 ff.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909055759/http://www.theoi.com/Text/ValeriusFlaccus2.html |date=2016-09-09 }}; [[Marcus Manilius|Manilius]], ''Astronomica'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/manilius-astronomica/1977/pb_LCL469.151.xml 2.874–880 (pp. 150–151)]; [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''Hercules Furens'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/seneca_younger-hercules/2002/pb_LCL062.55.xml 46–62 (pp. 52–53)], ''Thyestes'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/seneca_younger-thyestes/2004/pb_LCL078.299.xml?result=22&rskey=QinWkK 808–809 (pp. 298–299)] (where the Chorus asks if Typhon has thrown the mountain (presumably Etna) off "and stretched his limbs"); [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#152 152]; b scholia to ''Iliad'' 2.783 (Kirk, Raven, and Schofield. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kFpd86J8PLsC&pg=PA59 pp. 59–60 no. 52]); [[Philostratus]], ''[[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/lifeofapollonius01phil#page/498/mode/2up 5.16 (pp. 498–501)]; [[Philostratus the Elder]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/imagines00philuoft#page/198/mode/2up 2.17.5 (pp. 198–201)]; [[Nonnus]] ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/90/mode/2up 2.622–624 (I pp. 90–91)] (buried under Sicily). Typhon was also said to be buried under the volcanic island of [[Ischia]] the largest of the [[Phlegraean Islands]] off the coast of [[Naples]], see [[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/550/mode/2up 688–693 (pp. 550–551)]; [[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D9%3Acard%3D691 9.715–716] (calling the island "Inarime"); [[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5D*.html 5.4.9] (calling the island "Pithecussae"); Ridgway, David, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9F44AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 pp. 35–36]; [[Silius Italicus]], [[Punica (poem)|''Punica'']] [https://archive.org/stream/punicasi01siliuoft#page/432/mode/2up 8.540–541 (I pp. 432–422)]; [[Claudian]], ''Rape of Proserpine'' [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/358/mode/2up 3.183–184 (pp. 358–359)].</ref> and the Hundred-Hander [[Briareus]]<ref>[[Callimachus]], ''Hymn 4 (to Delos)'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/96/mode/2up 141–146 (pp. 96–97)]; Mineur. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA153 p. 153].</ref> were also said to be buried under Etna). The Giant Alcyoneus along with "many giants" were said to lie under [[Mount Vesuvius]],<ref>[[Philostratus]], ''On Heroes'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=R8nMVkv_lZ4C&pg=PA14 8.15–16 (p. 14)]; [[Claudian]], ''Rape of Proserpine'' [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/358/mode/2up 3.183–184 (pp. 358–359)].</ref> ''Prochyte'' (modern [[Procida]]), one of the volcanic [[Phlegraean Islands]] was supposed to sit atop the Giant [[Mimas (Giant)|Mimas]],<ref>[[Silius Italicus]], [[Punica (poem)|''Punica'']] [https://archive.org/stream/punicasi02siliuoft#page/156/mode/2up 12.143–151 (II pp. 156–159)], which also has the Titan [[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]] buried under Inarime.</ref> and Polybotes was said to lie pinned beneath the volcanic island of [[Nisyros]], supposedly a piece of the island of [[Kos]] broken off and thrown by [[Poseidon]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.2 1.6.2].</ref> Describing the catastrophic [[eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD]], which buried the towns of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], [[Cassius Dio]] relates accounts of the appearance of many Giant-like creatures on the mountain and in the surrounding area followed by violent earthquakes and the final cataclysmic eruption, saying "some thought that the Giants were rising again in revolt (for at this time also many of their forms could be discerned in the smoke and, moreover, a sound as of trumpets was heard)".<ref>[[Cassius Dio]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66*.html 66.22–23].</ref>
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