Editing Gel electrophoresis (section)

==History==
*1930s – first reports of the use of [[sucrose]] for gel electrophoresis; [[moving-boundary electrophoresis]] ([[Arne Tiselius|Tiselius]])
*1950 – introduction of "zone electrophoresis" (Tiselius); paper electrophoresis
*1955 – introduction of [[starch]] gels, mediocre separation ([[Oliver Smithies|Smithies]])<ref name="pmid13276348"/>
*1959 – introduction of [[acrylamide]] gels; discontinuous electrophoresis ([[Discontinuous electrophoresis|Ornstein and Davis]]); accurate control of parameters such as pore size and stability; and ([[Polyacrylamide|Raymond and Weintraub]])
*1965 – introduction of free-flow electrophoresis ([[free-flow electrophoresis|Hannig]]) 
*1966 – first use of [[agar]] gels<ref name="pmid4287545">{{cite journal | author=Thorne HV | title=Electrophoretic separation of polyoma virus DNA from host cell DNA. | journal=Virology | year=1966 | volume=29 | issue=2 | pages=234–9 | pmid=4287545 | doi=10.1016/0042-6822(66)90029-8 | pmc= | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4287545 | access-date=23 March 2022 | archive-date=11 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611043441/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0042682266900298?via%3Dihub | url-status=live }}</ref>
*1969 – introduction of [[Denaturation (biochemistry)|denaturing]] agents especially [[Sodium dodecyl sulfate|SDS]] separation of [[protein]] subunit ([[Klaus Weber|Weber]] and [[Mary Osborn|Osborn]])<ref name="pmid5806584">{{cite journal| author1=Weber K| author2=Osborn M| title=The reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | journal=J Biol Chem | year= 1969 | volume= 244 | issue= 16 | pages= 4406–12 | pmid=5806584 | doi= 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)94333-4| pmc= | doi-access=free }}</ref>
*1970 – [[Ulrich K. Laemmli|Lämmli]] separated 28 components of [[T4 phage]] using a stacking gel and SDS
*1972 – agarose gels with ethidium bromide stain<ref name="pmid5063906">{{cite journal | author1=Aaij C | author2=Borst P | title=The gel electrophoresis of DNA. | journal=Biochim Biophys Acta | year=1972 | volume=269 | issue=2 | pages=192–200 | pmid=5063906 | doi=10.1016/0005-2787(72)90426-1 | pmc= | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5063906 | access-date=23 March 2022 | archive-date=11 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611043527/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0005278772904261?via%3Dihub | url-status=live }}</ref>
*1975 – 2-dimensional gels ([[Patrick H. O'Farrell|O’Farrell]]); [[isoelectric focusing]], then SDS gel electrophoresis
*1977 – [[DNA sequencing|sequencing]] gels ([[Frederick Sanger|Sanger]])
*1981 – introduction of capillary electrophoresis [[capillary electrophoresis|(Jorgenson and Lukacs)]]
*1984 – pulsed-field gel electrophoresis enables separation of large DNA molecules ([[pulsed-field gel electrophoresis|Schwartz]] and [[Charles Cantor|Cantor]])
*2004 – introduction of a standardized [[QPNC-PAGE#Gel properties and polymerization time|polymerization time]] for acrylamide [[Solution (chemistry)|solutions]] to optimize [[QPNC-PAGE#Gel properties and polymerization time|gel properties]], in particular [[Chemical stability|gel stability]] ([[QPNC-PAGE|Kastenholz]])<ref>{{cite book |author=Michov, B. |year=2022 |title=Electrophoresis Fundamentals: Essential Theory and Practice |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110761641/html |url-access= |publisher=De Gruyter, ISBN 9783110761627|doi=10.1515/9783110761641 |isbn=9783110761641 }}</ref>

A 1959 book on electrophoresis by Milan Bier cites references from the 1800s.<ref name="Bier1959">{{cite book | last=Bier | first=Milan | title=Electrophoresis: theory, methods, and applications | publisher=Academic Press | year=1959 | oclc=1175404 | page=225}}</ref> However, Oliver Smithies made significant contributions. Bier states: "The method of Smithies ... is finding wide application because of its unique separatory power." Taken in context, Bier clearly implies that Smithies' method is an improvement.