Editing Franz Boas (section)

==Students and influence==
Franz Boas died suddenly at the Columbia University Faculty Club on December&nbsp;21, 1942, in the arms of [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]].<ref name="levi-strauss">{{cite book|title= Totems and Teachers: Key Figures in the History of Anthropology| editor-first= Sydel |editor-last=Silverman |publisher= Rowman Altamira| year=2004|isbn=9780759104600| page= 16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krupat |first1=Arnold |last2=Boas |first2=Franz |title=Anthropology in the Ironic Mode: The Work of Franz Boas |journal=Social Text |date=1988 |issue=19/20 |pages=105–118 |doi=10.2307/466181 |jstor=466181 |issn=0164-2472}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McVicker |first1=Donald |title=Parallels and Rivalries: Encounters Between Boas and Starr |journal=[[Curator: The Museum Journal]] |date=1989 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=212–228 |doi=10.1111/j.2151-6952.1989.tb00721.x |language=en |issn=2151-6952}}</ref> By that time he had become one of the most influential and respected scientists of his generation.

Between 1901 and 1911, [[Columbia University]] produced seven PhDs in anthropology. Although by today's standards this is a very small number, at the time it was sufficient to establish Boas's Anthropology Department at Columbia as the preeminent anthropology program in the country. Moreover, many of Boas's students went on to establish anthropology programs at other major universities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Briggs|first1 = Charles|last2 = Baumann|first2 = Richard|year = 1999|title = The Foundation of All Future Researches": Franz Boas. George Hunt, Native American Texts, and the Construction of Modernity|journal = American Quarterly|volume = 51|pages = 479–528|doi=10.1353/aq.1999.0036| s2cid = 144803374 }}</ref>

Boas's first doctoral student at Columbia was [[Alfred L. Kroeber]] (1901),<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Jacknis|first1 = I|year = 2002|title = The First Boasian: Alfred Kroeber and Franz Boas, 1896–1905|journal = American Anthropologist|volume = 104|issue = 2| pages = 520–532|doi = 10.1525/aa.2002.104.2.520 }}</ref> who, along with fellow Boas student [[Robert Lowie]] (1908), started the anthropology program at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. He also trained [[William Jones (anthropologist)|William Jones]] (1904), one of the first Native American Indian anthropologists ([[Meskwaki]]) who was killed while conducting research in the Philippines in 1909, and Albert B. Lewis (1907). Boas also trained a number of other students who were influential in the development of academic anthropology: [[Frank Speck]] (1908) who trained with Boas but received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania and immediately proceeded to found the anthropology department there; [[Edward Sapir]] (1909) and [[Fay-Cooper Cole]] (1914) who developed the anthropology program at the [[University of Chicago]]; [[Alexander Goldenweiser (anthropologist)|Alexander Goldenweiser]] (1910), who, with [[Elsie Clews Parsons]] (who received her doctorate in sociology from Columbia in 1899, but then studied ethnology with Boas), started the anthropology program at the [[New School for Social Research]]; [[Leslie Spier]] (1920) who started the anthropology program at the University of Washington together with his wife [[Erna Gunther]], also one of Boas's students, and [[Melville Herskovits]] (1923) who started the anthropology program at [[Northwestern University]]. He also trained [[John R. Swanton]] (who studied with Boas at Columbia for two years before receiving his doctorate from Harvard in 1900), [[Paul Radin]] (1911), [[Ruth Benedict]] (1923), [[Gladys Reichard]] (1925) who had begun teaching at [[Barnard College]] in 1921 and was later promoted to the rank of professor, [[Ruth Bunzel]] (1929), [[Alexander Lesser]] (1929), [[Margaret Mead]] (1929), and [[Gene Weltfish]] (who defended her dissertation in 1929, although she did not officially graduate until 1950 when Columbia reduced the expenses required to graduate), [[E. Adamson Hoebel]] (1934), [[Jules Henry]] (1935), [[George Herzog (ethnomusicologist)|George Herzog]] (1938),and [[Ashley Montagu]] (1938).

His students at Columbia also included [[Mexico|Mexican]] anthropologist [[Manuel Gamio]], who earned his [[Master of Arts]] degree after studying with Boas from 1909 to 1911, and became the founding director of Mexico's Bureau of Anthropology in 1917; [[Clark Wissler]], who received his doctorate in [[psychology]] from [[Columbia University]] in 1901, but proceeded to study anthropology with Boas before turning to research Native Americans; [[Esther Schiff Goldfrank|Esther Schiff]], later Goldfrank, worked with Boas in the summers of 1920 to 1922 to conduct research among the [[Cochiti]] and [[Laguna Pueblo|Laguna]] [[Pueblo Indians]] in New Mexico; [[Gilberto Freyre]], who shaped the concept of "racial democracy" in Brazil;<ref>That Freyre was ever Boas's student is under contention. Boas was opposed to racism, as were students such as [[Ashley Montagu]], etc. It seems unlikely that the "father" of the modern racist theory of [[Lusotropicalism]] had ever worked closely with Boas. "The invention of Freyre included his self-invention. For example, he too presented himself as if he had been a follower of Boas ever since his student days." See Peter Burke, Maria Lucia G. Pallares-Burke: "Gilberto Freyre: social theory in the tropics", Peter Lang, 2008, p. 19</ref> [[Viola Garfield]], who carried forth Boas's [[Tsimshian]] work; [[Frederica de Laguna]], who worked on the [[Inuit]] and the [[Tlingit people|Tlingit]]; anthropologist, folklorist and novelist [[Zora Neale Hurston]], who graduated from [[Barnard College]], the women's college associated with Columbia, in 1928, and who studied African American and [[Afro-Caribbean]] folklore, and [[Ella Cara Deloria]], who worked closely with Boas on the linguistics of Native American languages.

Boas and his students were also an influence on [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]], who interacted with Boas and the Boasians during his stay in New York in the 1940s.<ref>Moore, Jerry D. (2004). Visions of Culture: An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists. Rowman Altamira. p. 234</ref>

Several of Boas's students went on to serve as editors of the American Anthropological Association's flagship journal, ''American Anthropologist'': John R. Swanton (1911, 1921–1923), Robert Lowie (1924–1933), Leslie Spier (1934–1938), and Melville Herskovits (1950–1952). Edward Sapir's student [[John Alden Mason]] was editor from 1945 to 1949, and Alfred Kroeber and Robert Lowie's student, [[Walter Goldschmidt]], was editor from 1956 to 1959. His last student [[Marian Smith]] was President of the American Anthropological Association and the honorary secretary of the Royal Anthropological Institute in London.<ref name=aa>{{Cite journal |last=Laguna |first=Frederica de |date=April 1962 |title=Marian Wesley Smith 1907–1961 |journal=American Antiquity |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=567–570 |doi=10.1017/S0002731600024045 |s2cid=245677793 |issn=0002-7316|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Most of Boas's students shared his concern for careful, historical reconstruction, and his antipathy towards speculative, evolutionary models. Moreover, Boas encouraged his students, by example, to criticize themselves as much as others. For example, Boas originally defended the [[cephalic index]] (systematic variations in head form) as a method for describing hereditary traits, but came to reject his earlier research after further study; he similarly came to criticize his own early work in Kwakiutl (Pacific Northwest) language and mythology.

Encouraged by this drive to self-criticism, as well as the Boasian commitment to learn from one's informants and to let the findings of one's research shape one's agenda, Boas's students quickly diverged from his own research agenda. Several of his students soon attempted to develop theories of the grand sort that Boas typically rejected. Kroeber called his colleagues' attention to [[Sigmund Freud]] and the potential of a union between cultural anthropology and [[psychoanalysis]]. [[Ruth Benedict]] developed theories of "culture and personality" and "national cultures", and Kroeber's student, [[Julian Steward]] developed theories of "cultural ecology" and "multilineal evolution".