Editing Frank Lloyd Wright (section)

==Later career==
===Taliesin Fellowship===
In 1932, Wright and his wife Olgivanna put out a call for students to come to Taliesin to study and work under Wright while they learned architecture and spiritual development. Olgivanna Wright had been a student of [[G. I. Gurdjieff]] who had previously established a similar school. Twenty-three came to live and work that year, including [[John H. Howe (architect)|John (Jack) H. Howe]], who would become Wright's chief draftsman.<ref>Hession, Jane and Quigley, Tim, ''John H. Howe, Architect'', University of Minnesota Press, 2015.</ref> A total of 625 people joined The Fellowship in Wright's lifetime.<ref>[https://jgonwright.net/pdf-docs/49R1.pdf A Directory of Frank Lloyd Wright Associates:  APPRENTICES 1929 to 1959] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929114126/https://jgonwright.net/pdf-docs/49R1.pdf |date=September 29, 2020 }} ''jgonwright.net'', accessed February 10, 2021</ref> The Fellowship was a source of workers for Wright's later projects, including: Fallingwater; The Johnson Wax Headquarters; and The Guggenheim Museum in New York City.<ref>Friedland, Roger, and Zellman, Harold. The Fellowship: The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright & the Taliesin Fellowship. New York: Harper Perennial, 2007, p. 483</ref>

Considerable controversy exists over the living conditions and education of the fellows.<ref>Friedland and Zellman, p. 197</ref><ref>Marty, Myron A., and Marty, Shirley L. ''Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin Fellowship''. Kirksville, Mo: Truman State University Press, 1999.</ref> Wright was reputedly a difficult person to work with. One apprentice wrote: "He is devoid of consideration and has a blind spot regarding others' qualities. Yet I believe, that a year in his studio would be worth any sacrifice."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/architecture/architect-of-desire-frank-lloyd-wrights-private-life-was-even-more-unforgettable-than-his-buildings-1637537.html|author=Field, Marcus |title=Architect of desire: Frank Lloyd Wright's private life was even more unforgettable than his buildings |date=March 8, 2009 |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref> The Fellowship evolved into [[The School of Architecture at Taliesin]] which was an accredited school until it closed under acrimonious circumstances in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://taliesin.edu/|title=Taliesin – Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture|website=taliesin.edu|access-date=May 31, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel3000.com/frank-lloyd-wrights-legacy-to-live-on-after-school-of-architecture-closes/|title=Frank Lloyd Wright's legacy to live on after School of Architecture closes|date=May 7, 2020}}</ref> Taking on the name "The School of Architecture" in June 2020, the school moved to the [[Cosanti Foundation]], which it had worked with in the past.<ref>Gifford, Jim, Phoenix Business Journal, June 17, 2020</ref>

===Usonian Houses===
[[File:Weltzheimer Johnson House 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Weltzheimer/Johnson House|Charles Weltzheimer Residence]], Oberlin, Ohio (1948)]]
{{Main|Usonia}}

Wright is responsible for a series of concepts of suburban development united under the term [[Broadacre City]]. He proposed the idea in his book ''The Disappearing City'' in 1932 and unveiled a {{convert|12|ft2|m2|adj=on}} model of this community of the future, showing it in several venues in the following years.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Concurrent with the development of Broadacre City, also referred to as Usonia, Wright conceived a new type of dwelling that came to be known as the [[Usonia]]n House. Although an early version of the form can be seen in the [[Malcolm Willey House]] (1934) in Minneapolis, the Usonian ideal emerged most completely in the [[Herbert and Katherine Jacobs First House]] (1937) in Madison, Wisconsin.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Designed on a gridded concrete slab that integrated the house's radiant heating system, the house featured new approaches to construction, including walls composed of a "sandwich" of wood siding, plywood cores and building paper{{snd}}a significant change from typically framed walls.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Usonian houses commonly featured flat roofs and were usually constructed without basements or attics, all features that Wright had been promoting since the early 20th century.<ref>Twombly, p. 242.</ref>

Usonian houses were Wright's response to the transformation of domestic life that occurred in the early 20th century when servants had become less prominent or completely absent from most American households. By developing homes with progressively more open plans, Wright allotted the woman of the house a "workspace", as he often called the kitchen, where she could keep track of and be available for the children and/or guests in the dining room.<ref>Twombly, p. 257.</ref> As in the Prairie Houses, Usonian living areas had a fireplace as a point of focus. Bedrooms, typically isolated and relatively small, encouraged the family to gather in the main living areas. The conception of spaces instead of rooms was a development of the Prairie ideal.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} The built-in furnishings related to the Arts and Crafts movement's principles that influenced Wright's early work.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Spatially and in terms of their construction, the Usonian houses represented a new model for independent living and allowed dozens of clients to live in a Wright-designed house at a relatively low cost.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} His Usonian homes set a new style for suburban design that influenced countless postwar developers. Many features of modern American homes date back to Wright: open plans, slab-on-grade foundations, and simplified construction techniques that allowed more mechanization and efficiency in construction.<ref>Twombly, p. 244.</ref>

===Significant later works===
[[File:Wrightfallingwater.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fallingwater]], Mill Run, Pennsylvania (1937)]] ''[[Fallingwater]]'', one of Wright's most famous private residences (completed 1937), was built for Mr. and Mrs. [[Edgar J. Kaufmann|Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr.]], at [[Mill Run, Fayette County, Pennsylvania|Mill Run, Pennsylvania]]. Constructed over a 20-foot waterfall, it was designed according to Wright's desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings. The house was intended to be more of a family getaway, rather than a live-in home.<ref name="Twombly1979" /> The construction is a series of cantilevered balconies and terraces, using sandstone for all verticals and concrete for the horizontals. The house cost $155,000 ({{Inflation|US|155000|1937|fmt=eq|r=-3}}), including the architect's fee of $8,000 ({{Inflation|US|8000|1937|fmt=eq|r=-3}}). It was one of Wright's most expensive pieces.<ref name="Twombly1979" /> Kaufmann's own engineers argued that the design was not sound. They were overruled by Wright, but the contractor secretly added extra steel to the horizontal concrete elements. In 1994, Robert Silman and Associates examined the building and developed a plan to restore the structure. In the late 1990s, steel supports were added under the lowest cantilever until a detailed structural analysis could be done. In March 2002, [[post-tensioned concrete|post-tensioning]] of the lowest terrace was completed.<ref>Matthew L. Wal, [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/02/us/rescuing-a-world-famous-but-fragile-house.html "Rescuing a World-Famous but Fragile House"], New York Times, September 2, 2001.</ref>

[[Taliesin West]], Wright's winter home and studio complex in [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], was a laboratory for Wright from 1937 to his death in 1959. It is now the home of the [[Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Taliesin West |url=https://franklloydwright.org/taliesin-west/ |website=Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation |access-date=April 24, 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Guggenheim museum exterior.jpg|thumb|[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], New York City (1959)]]
The design and construction of the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] in New York City occupied Wright from 1943 until 1959<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/about/frank-lloyd-wright-building|title=The Frank Lloyd Wright Building|date=November 10, 2015|access-date=May 31, 2017}}</ref> and is probably his most recognized masterpiece. The building's unique central geometry allows visitors to experience Guggenheim's collection of nonobjective geometric paintings by taking an elevator to the top level and then viewing artworks by walking down the slowly descending, central spiral ramp.

[[File:Price tower.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Price Tower]] in [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]] (1956)]]
The only realized skyscraper designed by Wright is the [[Price Tower]], a 19-story tower in [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]]. It is also one of the two existing vertically oriented Wright structures (the other is the [[S.C. Johnson Wax Research Tower]] in [[Racine, Wisconsin]]). The Price Tower was commissioned by Harold C. Price of the H. C. Price Company, a local [[oil pipeline]] and chemical firm. On March 29, 2007, Price Tower was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] by the [[United States Department of the Interior]], one of only 20 such properties in Oklahoma.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20070413.HTM National Park Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103212538/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20070413.HTM |date=November 3, 2013 }}{{snd}}''National Historic Landmarks Designated'', April 13, 2007</ref>

[[Monona Terrace]], originally designed in 1937 as municipal offices for Madison, Wisconsin, was completed in 1997 on the original site, using a variation of Wright's final design for the exterior, with the interior design altered by its new purpose as a convention center. The "as-built" design was carried out by Wright's apprentice Tony Puttnam. Monona Terrace was accompanied by controversy until the structure was completed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mononaterrace.com/educatorspage/images/brief-history.pdf|title=Monona Terrace Convention Center, history web page|access-date=May 31, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215652/http://www.mononaterrace.com/educatorspage/images/brief-history.pdf|archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref>

[[Florida Southern College]], located in [[Lakeland, Florida]], constructed 12 (out of 18 planned) Frank Lloyd Wright buildings between 1941 and 1958 as part of the [[Child of the Sun]] project. It is the world's largest single-site collection of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdcnetwork.com/74-years-later-frank-lloyd-wright-structure-built-florida-southern-college| title=74 years later, Frank Lloyd Wright structure built at Florida Southern College| date=October 31, 2013| publisher=Building Design & Construction Magazine| access-date=July 16, 2015}}</ref>