Editing Fourth Crusade (section)

== <span class="anchor" id="Aftermath"></span>Aftermath: partition of the Byzantine Empire ==
[[File:LatinEmpire2.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Partition of the Byzantine Empire into The [[Latin Empire]] and its Crusader Vassals, [[Empire of Nicaea]], [[Trapezuntine Empire]], and [[Despotate of Epirus]] after 1204{{icn|date=December 2024}}]]
The Byzantine Empire was apportioned between Venice and the leaders of the Crusade according to a [[Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae|treaty]]; establishing the [[Latin Empire]] based in Constantinople. Boniface was not elected as the new emperor, although the citizens seemed to consider him as such; the Venetians thought he had too many connections with the former empire because of his brother, [[Renier of Montferrat]], who had been married to [[Maria Komnene (daughter of Manuel I)|Maria Komnene]], empress in the 1170s and 1180s and also because they thought that Boniface would favor the Genoese more than the Venetians as Montferrat was on Genoa's northern border. Instead, they placed [[Baldwin of Flanders]] on the throne. Boniface went on to found the [[Kingdom of Thessalonica]], a vassal state of the new Latin Empire. The Venetians also founded the [[Duchy of the Archipelago]] in the Aegean Sea. Meanwhile, Byzantine refugees founded their own [[rump state]]s, the most notable of these being the [[Empire of Nicaea]] under [[Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore Laskaris]] (a relative of Alexios III), the [[Empire of Trebizond]], and the [[Despotate of Epirus]]. This was known as the [[Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae]] in Latin.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

=== Venetian colonies ===
The [[Republic of Venice]] accumulated several possessions in Greece, which formed part of its ''[[Stato da Màr]]''. Some of them survived until the [[Fall of the Republic of Venice|fall of the Republic]] itself in 1797:
* [[Kingdom of Candia|Crete]], also known as Candia, (1211–1669),<ref name="maltezou105">Maltezou, ''Crete during the Period of Venetian Rule'', p. 105</ref> one of the Republic's most important overseas possessions, despite frequent revolts by the Greek population, it was retained until captured by the Ottomans in the [[Cretan War (1645–1669)|Cretan War]].<ref name="maltezou157">Maltezou, ''Crete during the Period of Venetian Rule'', p. 157</ref>
* [[Corfu]] (1207–1214 and 1386–1797), was captured by Venice from its Genoese ruler shortly after the Fourth Crusade. The island was soon retaken by the [[Despotate of Epirus]], but captured in 1258 by the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]. The island remained under Angevin rule until 1386, when Venice reimposed its control, which would last until the end of the Republic itself.
* [[Lefkas]] (1684–1797), originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, it came under Ottoman rule in 1479, and was conquered by the Venetians in 1684, during the [[Morean War]].
* [[Zakynthos]] (1479–1797), originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, it fell to Venice in 1479
* [[Cephalonia]] and [[Ithaca (island)|Ithaca]] (1500–1797), originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, they came under Ottoman rule in 1479, and were [[Siege of the Castle of St. George|conquered]] by the Venetians in December 1500.{{sfn|Setton|1978|pp=98, 290, 522–523}}
* [[Tinos]] and [[Mykonos]], bequeathed to Venice in 1390,{{sfn|Miller|1908|p=365}} and lost to the Ottomans in 1715 and 1537 respectively.{{sfn|Miller|1908|p=654}}
* various coastal fortresses in the [[Peloponnese]] and mainland Greece:
** Modon ([[Methoni, Messenia|Methoni]]) and Coron ([[Koroni]]), occupied in 1207, confirmed by the [[Treaty of Sapienza]],{{sfn|Bon|1969|p=66}} and held until [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)|taken]] by the Ottomans in August 1500.{{sfn|Setton|1978|pp=515–522}}
** [[Nauplia]] (Italian Napoli di Romania), acquired through the purchase of the lordship of [[Argos and Nauplia]] in 1388,{{sfn|Topping|1975|pp=153–155}} held until captured by the Ottomans in 1540.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=568}}
** [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]], acquired through the purchase of the lordship of [[Argos and Nauplia]] but seized by the [[Despotate of the Morea]] and not handed over to Venice until June 1394,{{sfn|Topping|1975|pp=153–155}} held until captured by the Ottomans in 1462.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=567}}
** [[Athens]], acquired in 1394 from the heirs of [[Nerio I Acciaioli]], but lost to the latter's bastard son [[Antonio I Acciaioli|Antonio]] in 1402–03, a fact recognized by the Republic in a treaty in 1405.{{sfn|Miller|1908|pp=354–362}}
** [[Parga]], port town on the coast of Epirus, acquired in 1401. It was governed as a dependency of Corfu, and remained so even after the end of the Venetian Republic in 1797, finally being ceded by the British to [[Ali Pasha of Ioannina|Ali Pasha]] in 1819.{{sfn|Miller|1908|p=365}}
** Lepanto ([[Naupaktos]]), port in [[Aetolia]], briefly seized by a Venetian captain in 1390, in 1394 its inhabitants offered to hand it over to Venice, but were rebuffed. Finally sold to Venice in 1407 by its Albanian ruler, [[Paul Spata]],{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=356, 544}}{{sfn|Miller|1908|p=363}} lost to the Ottomans in 1540.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=568}}
** [[Patras]], held in 1408–13 and 1417–19 in lease, for 1,000 ducats per year, from the [[Latin Archbishop of Patras]], who thus hoped to thwart a Turkish or Byzantine takeover of the city.{{sfn|Topping|1975|pp=161–163}}{{sfn|Miller|1908|pp=353–364}}
** The [[Northern Sporades]] ([[Skiathos]], [[Skopelos]], and [[Alonissos]]), were Byzantine possessions that came under Venetian rule after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. They were captured by the Ottomans under [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] in 1538.
** [[Monemvasia]] (Malvasia), a Byzantine outpost left unconquered by the Ottomans in 1460, it accepted Venetian rule, until captured by the Ottomans in 1540.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=567–568}}
** [[Vonitsa]] on the coast of Epirus, captured in 1684 and held as a mainland exclave of the Ionian Islands until the end of the Republic.
** [[Preveza]] on the coast of Epirus, occupied during the [[Morean War]] (1684–1699), recaptured in 1717 and held as a mainland exclave of the Ionian Islands until the end of the Republic.
* The whole of the Peloponnese or [[Morea]] peninsula was conquered during the [[Morean War]] in the 1680s and became a colony as the "[[Kingdom of the Morea]]", but it was [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)|lost]] again to the Ottomans in 1715.

=== Genoese colonies ===
[[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] attempts to occupy Corfu and Crete in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade were thwarted by the Venetians. It was only during the 14th century, exploiting the terminal decline of the [[Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty]], and often in agreement with the weakened Eastern Roman rulers, that various Genoese nobles established domains in the northeastern Aegean:
* The [[Gattilusi]] family established a number of fiefs, under nominal Eastern Roman suzerainty, over the island of [[Lesbos]] (1355–1462) and later the islands of [[Lemnos]], [[Thasos]] (1414–1462) and [[Samothrace]] (1355–1457), as well as the [[Thrace|Thracian]] town of [[Enez|Ainos]] (1376–1456).
* The [[Lordship of Chios]], consisting of the twin cities of New and Old [[Phocaea]], [[Samos]], [[Ikaria]], and [[Chios]] as its capital. From 1304 to 1329 under the [[Zaccaria]] family, and, after an Eastern Roman interlude, from 1346 and until the Ottoman conquest in 1566 under the ''[[Maona di Chio e di Focea]]'' company.

=== Crusader colonies ===
The [[Latin Empire]] and the 4th Crusade's leaders all created their own kingdoms in the [[Byzantine Empire]].

[[File:Greece in 1278.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.13|Map of the Greek and Latin states in southern Greece ca. 1278]]
* The [[Kingdom of Thessalonica]] (1205–1224), encompassing [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Thessaly]]. This kingdom was given to the leader of the 4th Crusade, Boniface of Montferrat after he lost the election of Latin Emperor to Baldwin of Flanders. Boniface would expand Latin domains south, into southern Greece. After he was killed by Bulgarians, the kingdom was almost continuously troubled by warfare with the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]; eventually, it was conquered by the [[Despotate of Epirus]] under [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas]]. Doukas would then replace the Kingdom of Thessalonica by the [[Empire of Thessalonica]].
* The [[Principality of Achaea]] (1205–1432/1454), encompassing the [[Morea]] or [[Peloponnese]] peninsula. It quickly emerged as the strongest state, and prospered even after the demise of the Latin Empire. Its main rival was the Byzantine [[Despotate of the Morea]], which eventually succeeded in conquering the Principality. It also exercised suzerainty over the Lordship of [[Argos and Nauplia]], and at one point or another, most of the other Latin states.
* The [[Duchy of Athens]] (1205–1458), with its two capitals [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] and Athens, and encompassing [[Attica]], [[Boeotia]], and parts of southern [[Thessaly]]. In 1311, the Duchy was [[Battle of Halmyros|conquered]] by the [[Catalan Company]], and in 1388, it passed into the hands of the [[Republic of Florence|Florentine]] Acciaiuoli family, which kept it until the Ottoman conquest in 1456.
* The [[Duchy of the Archipelago]] or of Naxos (1207–1579), founded by the [[Marco I Sanudo|Sanudo]] family, it encompassed most of the [[Cyclades]]. In 1383, it passed under the control of the Crispo family. The Duchy became an Ottoman vassal in 1537, and was finally annexed to the Ottoman Empire in 1579.
* [[Duchy of Philippopolis]] (1204 – after 1230), fief of the Latin Empire in northern Thrace, until its capture by the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarians]].
* The [[Marquisate of Bodonitsa]] (1204–1414), like Salona, was originally created as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, but later came under the influence of Achaea. In 1335, the Venetian Giorgi family took control, and ruled until the Ottoman conquest in 1414.
* The [[County of Salona]] (1205–1410), centred at Salona (modern [[Amfissa]]), like Bodonitsa, was formed as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica since King of Thessalonica, Boniface of Montferrat created the county. It would later come under the influence of Achaea. It then came under [[Catalan Company|Catalan]] and later Navarrese rule in the 14th century, before being sold to the [[Knights Hospitaller]] in 1403. It was finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1410.
* The [[County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos]] (1185–1479). It encompassed the [[Ionian Islands]] of [[Cephalonia]], [[Zakynthos]], [[Ithaca (island)|Ithaca]], and, from around 1300, also [[Lefkas]] (Santa Maura). Created as a vassal to the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], it was ruled by the [[Orsini family]] from 1195 to 1335, and after a short interlude of [[County of Anjou|Anjou]] rule the county passed to the [[Tocco family]] in 1357. The county was split between Venice and the Ottomans in 1479.
* The [[Triarchy of Negroponte]] (1205–1470), encompassing the island of Negroponte ([[Euboea]]), originally a vassal of Thessalonica, then of Achaea. It was fragmented into three baronies (''terzi'' or "triarchies") run each by two barons (the ''sestieri''). This fragmentation enabled [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] to gain influence acting as mediators. By 1390 Venice had established direct control of the entire island, which remained in Venetian hands until 1470, when it was [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–79)|captured]] by the Ottomans.
* The [[Lordship of Argos and Nauplia]] (1212–1388) was made a lordship when after their conquest from the Byzantines in 1211–1212, the cities were granted as a fief to [[Otto de la Roche]], duke of Athens, by [[Geoffrey I of Villehardouin]], prince of Achaea. The lordship remained in the possession of the de la Roche and the Brienne dukes of Athens even after the conquest of the [[Duchy of Athens]] by the [[Catalan Company]] in 1311, and the Brienne line continued to be recognized as dukes of Athens there. In 1388 the two cities were sold to Venice but before Venice could take possession, Argos was seized by the Byzantine [[Despotate of Morea]] under [[Theodore I Palaiologos]], while his ally, while the Florentine Acciaiuoli family seized Nauplia. The Nauplia was soon captured by Venice, but Argos remained in Byzantine hands until 1394, when it too was handed over to Venice.
* [[Rhodes]] [[Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes|became]] the headquarters of the military monastic order of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] of Saint John in 1310, and the Knights retained control of the island (and neighbouring islands of the [[Dodecanese]] island group) until [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)|ousted by the Ottomans in 1522]].
* [[Lemnos]], an island known to Westerners as Stalimene formed a fief of the Latin Empire under the Venetian Navigajoso family from 1207 until conquered by the Byzantines in 1278. Its rulers bore the title of ''[[megadux]]'' ("grand duke") of the Latin Empire.