Editing Flat Earth (section)

====Middle East: Islamic scholars====
{{Further|Spherical Earth#Medieval Islamic scholars}}
Prior to the introduction of Greek cosmology into the Islamic world, Muslims tended to view the Earth as flat, and Muslim traditionalists who rejected Greek philosophy continued to hold to this view later on while various theologians held opposing opinions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Damien Janos, "Qur'ānic cosmography in its historical perspective: some notes on the formation of a religious worldview", Religion 2012, pp217-8</ref> Beginning in the 10th century onwards, some Muslim traditionalists began to adopt the notion of a spherical Earth with the influence of Greek and Ptolemaic cosmology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannam |first=James |title=The Globe: How the Earth Became Round |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2023 |isbn=978-1789147582 |pages=178–193}}</ref>

In [[Quranic cosmology]], the Earth (''al-arḍ'') was "spread out."<ref>For example, see verses [[Q15:19]] {{Citequran|15|19|s=y|b=yl}}, [[Q20:53]] {{Citequran|20|53|s=y|b=yl}}, [[Q50:7]] {{Citequran|50|7|s=y|b=yl}}, and [[Q51:48]] {{Citequran|51|48|s=y|b=yl}}.</ref> Whether or not this implies a flat Earth was debated by Muslims.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Anchassi |first=Omar |date=2022-12-14 |title=Against Ptolemy? : Cosmography in Early Kalām omar anchassi |url=https://lockwoodonlinejournals.com/ |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |language=en |volume=142 |issue=4 |pages=861, n. 72 |doi=10.7817/jaos.142.4.2022.ar033 |issn=2169-2289}}</ref> Some modern historians believe the Quran saw the world as flat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tabatabaʾi |first1=Mohammad Ali |last2=Mirsadri |first2=Saida |date=2016-05-26 |title=The Qurʾānic Cosmology, as an Identity in Itself |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/arab/63/3-4/article-p201_1.xml |journal=Arabica |language=en |volume=63 |issue=3–4 |pages=211 |doi=10.1163/15700585-12341398 |issn=1570-0585}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reynolds |first1=Gabriel Said |title=The Qur'an and the Bible: text and commentary |last2=Qarāʿī |first2=ʿAlī Qūlī |date=2018 |publisher=Yale university press |isbn=978-0-300-18132-6 |location=New Haven (Conn.) |pages=405, 464}}</ref> On the other hand, the 12th-century [[tafsir|commentary]], the [[Tafsir al-Razi|Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi)]] by [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] argues that though this verse does describe a flat surface, it is limited in its application to local regions of the Earth which are roughly flat as opposed to the Earth as a whole. Others who would support a ball-shaped Earth included [[Ibn Hazm]].<ref name=":0" />