Editing Ethics (section)

=== Cognitivism and non-cognitivism ===
{{main|Cognitivism (ethics)|Non-cognitivism|l1=Cognitivism}}

The metaethical debate between cognitivism and non-cognitivism is about the meaning of moral statements and is a part of the study of semantics. According to cognitivism, moral statements like "Abortion is morally wrong" and "Going to war is never morally justified" are truth-apt, meaning that they all have a truth value: they are either true or false. Cognitivism claims that moral statements have a truth value but is not interested in which truth value they have. It is often seen as the default position since moral statements resemble other statements, like "Abortion is a medical procedure" or "Going to war is a political decision", which have a truth value.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|DeLapp|loc=§ 3a. Cognitivism Versus Non-Cognitivism}} | {{harvnb|Miller|2023|pp=14–15}} }}</ref>

There is a close relation between the semantic theory of cognitivism and the ontological theory of moral realism. Moral realists assert that moral facts exist. This can be used to explain why moral statements are true or false: a statement is true if it is consistent with the facts and false otherwise. As a result, philosophers who accept one theory often accept the other as well. An exception is [[error theory]], which combines cognitivism with moral nihilism by claiming that all moral statements are false because there are no moral facts.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Miller|2023|pp=14–15}} | {{harvnb|Sayre-McCord|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-msmrkE-67IC&pg=PA10 10]}} }}</ref>

Non-cognitivism is the view that moral statements lack a truth value. According to this view, the statement "Murder is wrong" is neither true nor false. Some non-cognitivists claim that moral statements have no meaning at all. A different interpretation is that they have another type of meaning. Emotivism says that they articulate emotional attitudes. According to this view, the statement "Murder is wrong" expresses that the speaker has a negative moral attitude towards murder or disapproves of it. [[Universal prescriptivism|Prescriptivism]], by contrast, understands moral statements as [[Imperative mood|commands]]. According to this view, stating that "Murder is wrong" expresses a command like "Do not commit murder".<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Miller|2023|pp=14–15}} | {{harvnb|DeLapp|loc=§ 3a. Cognitivism Versus Non-Cognitivism}} | {{harvnb|Moreland|Craig|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=deDeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA417 417]}} }}</ref>