Editing Epidemiology (section)

===Validities===
Different fields in epidemiology have different levels of validity. One way to assess the validity of findings is the ratio of false-positives (claimed effects that are not correct) to false-negatives (studies which fail to support a true effect). In [[genetic epidemiology]], candidate-gene studies may produce over 100 false-positive findings for each false-negative. By contrast genome-wide association appear close to the reverse, with only one false positive for every 100 or more false-negatives.<ref name="Ioannides2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J. P. A. | last2 = Tarone | first2 = R. | last3 = McLaughlin | first3 = J. K. | s2cid = 42756884 | title = The False-positive to False-negative Ratio in Epidemiologic Studies | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 450–56 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21490505 | doi = 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31821b506e | doi-access = free }}</ref> This ratio has improved over time in genetic epidemiology, as the field has adopted stringent criteria. By contrast, other epidemiological fields have not required such rigorous reporting and are much less reliable as a result.<ref name="Ioannides2011"/>