Editing English cuisine (section)

=== Fish and chip shops ===

[[Fish and chips]] is a hot dish consisting of [[Batter (cooking)|battered]] fish, commonly [[Atlantic cod]] or [[haddock]], and [[French fries|chips]]. It is a common [[take-away food]].<ref name=alexander>{{cite news |last=Alexander |first=James |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8419026.stm |title=The unlikely origin of fish and chips |work=BBC News |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=16 July 2013}}</ref>

[[Western Sephardim|Western Sephardic Jews]] settling in England from the 16th century would have prepared fried fish like ''[[pescado frito]]'', coated in [[flour]] and fried in oil.<ref name=marks>{{cite book | last=Marks | first=Gil | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux2lGKCKVPYC&pg=PA82 |title=The world of Jewish cooking: more than 500 traditional recipes from Alsace to Yemen | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=1999 | isbn=0-684-83559-2}}</ref> Chips appeared in the Victorian era; [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]]'s 1859 ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]'' mentions "husky chips of potatoes, fried with some reluctant drops of oil".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Andrew |title=The history of chips |url=http://www.lovefood.com/journal/features/19831/the-history-of-chips |website=LoveFood |access-date=13 November 2015 |date=17 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dickens |first1=Charles |author-link=Charles Dickens |title=A Tale of Two Cities |publisher=[[Chapman & Hall]] |date=1859 |page=27 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/ataleoftwocities00098gut/old/2city12p_djvu.txt |chapter=5. The Wine-shop |quote=Hunger rattled its dry bones among the roasting chestnuts in the turned cylinder; Hunger was shred into atomics in every farthing porringer of husky chips of potato, fried with some reluctant drops of oil.}}</ref> Panayi states that fish and chip shops in the 1920s were often run by Jews or Italians.{{sfn|Panayi|2010|pp=16–17}} Despite this, the new dish was popularly attributed to France; ''[[The Times]]'' recorded that "potatoes chipped and fried in the French manner were introduced in Lancashire with great success about 1871."{{sfn|Panayi|2010|pp=16–17}}{{efn|The ''[[Financial Times]]'' noted of Panayi's claim of these facts on 9 January 2004 "Kosher French Connection with Fish and Chips" while the ''[[Daily Star (British newspaper)|Daily Star]]'' announced "Le Great British Feesh and Cheeps: It's Frog Nosh Claims Prof".{{sfn|Panayi|2010|pp=16–17}}}} The ''Fish Trades Gazette'' of 29 July 1922 stated that "Later there was introduced into this country the frying and purveying of chip potatoes from France&nbsp;... which had made the fried fish trade what it is today."{{sfn|Panayi|2010|pp=16–17}}