Editing Echinococcosis (section)

==Prevention==
[[File:Parasite140085-fig1 Boiling sheep livers containing hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus).tif|thumb|Boiling sheep livers containing hydatid cysts for 30 minutes kills the cestode larvae – a simple method for prevention in remote areas<ref name="LiWu2014"/>]]

===Cystic echinococcosis===
Several different strategies are currently being used to prevent and control cystic echinococcosis (CE). Most of these various methods try to prevent and control CE by targeting the major risk factors for the disease and the way it is transmitted. For instance, health education programs focused on cystic echinococcosis and its agents, and improved water sanitation attempt to target poor education and poor drinking water sources, which are both risk factors for contracting echinococcosis. Furthermore, since humans often come into contact with ''Echinococcus'' eggs via touching contaminated soil, animal feces and animal hair, another prevention strategy is improved hygiene. In addition to targeting risk factors and transmission, control and prevention strategies of cystic echinococcosis also aim at intervening at certain points of the parasite's life cycle, in particular, the infection of hosts (especially dogs) that reside with or near humans. For example, many countries endemic to echinococcosis have researched programs geared at de-worming dogs and vaccinating dogs and other livestock, such as sheep, that also act as hosts for ''E. granulosus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lightowlers |first1=M. W. |last2=Heath |first2=D. D. |title=Immunity and vaccine control of Echinococcus granulosus infection in animal intermediate hosts |journal=Parassitologia |date=June 2004 |volume=46 |issue=1–2 |pages=27–31 |pmid=15305682 }}</ref>

Proper disposal of carcasses and offal after home slaughter is difficult in poor and remote communities and therefore dogs readily have access to offal from livestock, thus completing the parasite cycle of ''Echinococcus granulosus'' and putting communities at risk of cystic echinococcosis. Boiling livers and lungs that contain hydatid cysts for 30 minutes has been proposed as a simple, efficient, and energy- and time-saving way to kill the infectious larvae.<ref name="LiWu2014">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jun |last2=Wu |first2=Chuanchuan |last3=Wang |first3=Hui |last4=Liu |first4=Huanyuan |last5=Vuitton |first5=Dominique A. |last6=Wen |first6=Hao |last7=Zhang |first7=Wenbao |title=Boiling sheep liver or lung for 30 minutes is necessary and sufficient to kill ''Echinococcus granulosus'' protoscoleces in hydatid cysts |journal=Parasite |date=2014 |volume=21 |pages=64 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2014064 |pmid=25456565 |pmc=4251422 }}</ref>

===Alveolar echinococcosis===
Several strategies are geared towards the prevention and control of alveolar echinococcosis—most of which are similar to those for cystic echinococcosis. For instance, health education programs, improved water sanitation, improved hygiene, and de-worming of hosts (particularly red foxes) are all effective in preventing and controlling the spread of alveolar echinococcosis. Unlike cystic echinococcosis, however, where there is a vaccine against ''E. granulosus'', there is currently no canidae or livestock vaccine against ''E. multilocularis''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Craig PS, McManus DP, Lightowlers MW, etal |title=Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=385–94 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17521591 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70134-2 |url=https://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/135/ }}</ref>

===Polycystic echinococcosis===
While several control and prevention strategies deal with cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, there are few methods to control and prevent polycystic echinococcosis. This is probably because polycystic echinococcosis is restricted to Central and South America and the way that humans become accidental hosts of ''E. oligarthrus'' and ''E. vogeli'' is still not completely understood.<ref name=Eckert04 />

===Human vaccines===
Currently, there are no human vaccines against any form of echinococcosis. However, studies are being conducted that are looking at possible vaccine candidates for an effective human vaccine against echinococcosis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dang |first1=Zhisheng |last2=Yagi |first2=Kinpei |last3=Oku |first3=Yuzaburo |last4=Kouguchi |first4=Hirokazu |last5=Kajino |first5=Kiichi |last6=Watanabe |first6=Junichi |last7=Matsumoto |first7=Jun |last8=Nakao |first8=Ryo |last9=Wakaguri |first9=Hiroyuki |last10=Toyoda |first10=Atsushi |last11=Sugimoto |first11=Chihiro |title=Evaluation of ''Echinococcus multilocularis'' tetraspanins as vaccine candidates against primary alveolar echinococcosis |journal=Vaccine |date=December 2009 |volume=27 |issue=52 |pages=7339–7345 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.045 |pmid=19782112 |hdl=2115/42601 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>