Editing Eating disorder (section)

==== Parental influence ====
Parental influence has been shown to be an intrinsic component in the development of eating behaviors of children.<ref name=":20">{{cite journal | vauthors = Savage JS, Fisher JO, Birch LL | title = Parental influence on eating behavior: conception to adolescence | journal = The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–34 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17341215 | pmc = 2531152 | doi = 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00111.x}}</ref> This influence is manifested and shaped by a variety of diverse factors such as familial genetic predisposition, dietary choices as dictated by cultural or ethnic preferences, the parents' own body shape, how they talk about their own body, and eating patterns,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lydecker JA, Riley KE, Grilo CM | title = Associations of parents' self, child, and other "fat talk" with child eating behaviors and weight | journal = The International Journal of Eating Disorders | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 527–534 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29542177 | pmc = 6002914 | doi = 10.1002/eat.22858}}</ref> the degree of involvement and expectations of their children's eating behavior as well as the interpersonal relationship of parent and child.<ref name=":20" /> It is also influenced by the general psychosocial climate of the home and whether a nurturing stable environment is present. It has been shown that maladaptive parental behavior has an important role in the development of eating disorders. As to the more subtle aspects of parental influence, it has been shown that eating patterns are established in early childhood and that children should be allowed to decide when their appetite is satisfied as early as the age of two. A direct link has been shown between obesity and parental pressure to eat more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating disorder {{!}} Health Psychology |url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology/chapter/eating-disorder/#:~:text=Parental%20influence&text=This%20is%20in%20addition%20to,the%20development%20of%20eating%20disorders. |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref>

Coercive tactics in regard to diet have not been proven to be efficacious in controlling a child's eating behavior. [[Affection]] and [[attention]] have been shown to affect the degree of a child's finickiness and their acceptance of a more varied diet.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Brook JS |title=Childhood adversities associated with risk for eating disorders or weight problems during adolescence or early adulthood |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=3 |pages=394–400 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11870002 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.394}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Klesges RC, Coates TJ, Brown G, Sturgeon-Tillisch J, Moldenhauer-Klesges LM, Holzer B, Woolfrey J, Vollmer J |title=Parental influences on children's eating behavior and relative weight |journal=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=371–8 |year=1983 |pmid=6654769 |pmc=1307898 |doi=10.1901/jaba.1983.16-371}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Galloway AT, Fiorito L, Lee Y, Birch LL |title=Parental pressure, dietary patterns, and weight status among girls who are "picky eaters" |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=541–8 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15800554 |pmc=2530930 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2005.01.029}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jones C, Harris G, Leung N |title=Parental rearing behaviours and eating disorders: the moderating role of core beliefs |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=355–64 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16257809 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.05.002}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown R, Ogden J |title=Children's eating attitudes and behaviour: a study of the modelling and control theories of parental influence |journal=Health Education Research |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=261–71 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15140846 |doi=10.1093/her/cyg040 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":20" />

Adams and Crane (1980), have shown that parents are influenced by stereotypes that influence their perception of their child's body. The conveyance of these negative stereotypes also affects the child's own body image and satisfaction.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adams GR, Crane P |date=1980 |title=An Assessment of Parents' and Teachers' Expectations of Preschool Children's Social Preference for Attractive or Unattractive Children and Adults |journal=Child Development |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=224–231 |doi=10.2307/1129610|jstor=1129610}}</ref> [[Hilde Bruch]], a pioneer in the field of studying eating disorders, asserts that anorexia nervosa often occurs in girls who are high achievers, obedient, and always trying to please their parents. Their parents have a tendency to be over-controlling and fail to encourage the expression of emotions, inhibiting daughters from accepting their own feelings and desires. Adolescent females in these overbearing families lack the ability to be independent from their families, yet realize the need to, often resulting in rebellion. Controlling their food intake may make them feel better, as it provides them with a sense of control.<ref>Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan. ''Abnormal Psychology, 6e''. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. p. 359-360.</ref>

Negative parental body-talk, meaning when a parent comments on their own weight, shape or size, is strongly correlated with disordered eating in their children. Children whose parents engage in self-talk about their weight frequently are three times as likely to practice extreme weight control behaviors such as disordered eating, than children who do not overhear negative parental body-talk. Additionally, negative body-talk from mothers is explicitly correlated with disordered eating in adolescent girls.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neumark-Sztainer D, Bauer KW, Friend S, Hannan PJ, Story M, Berge JM | title = Family weight talk and dieting: how much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls? | journal = The Journal of Adolescent Health | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 270–276 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20708566 | pmc = 2921129 | doi = 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Myntti WW, Parnell L, Valledor V, Chow CM | title = Adolescent-perceived parent-child negative body talk and disordered eating: Evidence for behavior-specific affective mediators | journal = Journal of Adolescence | volume = 96 | issue = 5 | pages = 1126–1136 | date = July 2024 | pmid = 38594877 | doi = 10.1002/jad.12323}}</ref>