Editing Easter Rising (section)

=== Arrests and executions{{anchor|Executions}}<!-- [[Easter Rising executions]] redirects here--> ===
In the immediate aftermath, the Rising was commonly described as the "Sinn Féin Rebellion",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellio00dubl/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Sinn Féin Rebellion Handbook |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |date=1917}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1916/may/11/the-sinn-fein-rebellion |title=The Sinn Fein Rebellion |work=Hansard - HL Deb 11 May 1916 vol 21 cc1002-36 |publisher=UK Parliament |date=11 May 1916 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://doi.org/10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376 |publisher=UCD |work=UCD Digital Library |title=1916 Rising Postcards |date=1916 |doi=10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=2 September 2023 |quote=these postcards were published in 1916 in the immediate aftermath of the Insurrection [..] one showing a "before and after" photograph of Sackville (O'Connell) Street [..] O'Connell Bridge and quays Dublin : before and after "Sinn Fein Rebellion" |last1=Curran |first1=Constantine Peter }}</ref> reflecting a popular belief that [[Sinn Féin]], a separatist organisation that was neither militant nor republican, was behind it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dublincity.ie/library/blog/sinn-fein-rebellion |title=The Sinn Féin rebellion? |date=21 January 2016 |publisher=Dublin City Library & Archive |first=Brian |last=Hanley |work=Citizens in Conflict: Dublin 1916}}</ref> [[John Maxwell (British Army officer)|General Maxwell]], for example, signalled his intention "to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners", including "those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion".{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=273}}

A total of 3,430 men and 79 women were arrested, including 425 people for looting – roughly, 1,500 of these arrests accounted for the rebels.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=263–264}}<ref name=foy294>Foy and Barton, pp. 294–295</ref>{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=56}} Detainees were overwhelmingly young, Catholic and religious.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2019|p=144}}{{Efn|Roughly 70% of the GPO garrison was under the age of 30, with 29% of that total being under the age of 20.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526144997/9781526144997.xml |title=The Cato Street Conspiracy |chapter=The Cato Street Conspiracy: Plotting, counter-intelligence and the revolutionary tradition in Britain and Ireland |date=2019-12-17 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-4499-7 |editor-last=McElligott |editor-first=Jason |pages=9 |doi= |editor-last2=Conboy |editor-first2=Martin}}</ref>}} 1,424 men and 73 women were released after a few weeks of imprisonment; those interned without trial in England and Wales (see [[#Frongoch prison camp|below]]) were released on Christmas Eve, 1916;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferriter |first1=Diarmuid |title=The 1916 prisoners released on Christmas Eve |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/diarmaid-ferriter-the-1916-prisoners-released-on-christmas-eve-1.2915580 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=24 December 2016}}</ref> the remaining majority of convicts were held until June 1917.{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=55, 57}}

A series of [[Court-martial|courts martial]] began on 2 May, in which 187 people were tried. Controversially, Maxwell decided that the courts martial would be held in secret and without a defence, which Crown law officers later ruled to have been illegal.<ref name="foy294" /> Some of those who conducted the trials had commanded British troops involved in suppressing the Rising, a conflict of interest that the Military Manual prohibited.<ref name="foy294" /> Only one of those tried by courts martial was a woman, [[Constance Markievicz]], who was also the only woman to be kept in solitary confinement.<ref name="foy294" />{{efn|Following Markievicz's arrest, an apocryphal story spread, stating that she kissed her revolver before surrendering. This story circulated amidst similar reports of rebel women and their "ferocity". Scholar in Irish Studies, Lisa Weihman wrote that these tales "surely helped justify the swift and brutal repression of the Easter Rising", for even "Ireland's women were out of control."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weihman |first=Lisa |date=2004 |title=Doing My Bit for Ireland: Trangressing Gender in the Easter Rising |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/176059 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=228–249 |doi=10.1353/eir.2004.0025 |s2cid=161386541 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref> Historian Fionnuala Walsh noted that "[m]any of those
women imprisoned could have avoided arrest by leaving the garrisons before the surrender as they were encouraged to do by the rebel leaders. It appears that women wished to endure the same treatment and danger as men."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Fionnuala |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/irish-women-and-the-great-war/7DE6F16983A6A38512D8D3B088327702 |title=Irish Women and the Great War |date=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-49120-4 |series= |location= |pages=176 |doi=10.1017/9781108867924|s2cid=225531440 }}</ref>}} Ninety were sentenced to death. Fifteen of those (including all seven signatories of the Proclamation) had their sentences confirmed by Maxwell and fourteen were [[Execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] at [[Kilmainham Gaol]] between 3 and 12 May.

Maxwell stated that only the "ringleaders" and those proven to have committed "cold-blooded murder" would be executed. However, some of those executed were not leaders and did not kill anyone, such as [[Willie Pearse]] and [[John MacBride]]; [[Thomas Kent]] did not come out at all—he was executed for the killing of a police officer during the raid on his house the week after the Rising. The most prominent leader to escape execution was Éamon de Valera, Commandant of the 3rd Battalion, who did so partly because of his American birth.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |title=Oxford Companion to Irish History |author=S. J. Connolly |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=607 |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-923483-7}}</ref> Hobson went into hiding, re-emerging after the June amnesty, largely to scorn.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hay |first=Marnie |title=Na Fianna Éireann and the Irish Revolution, 1909–23: Scouting for rebels |date=2019-05-17 |work= |pages=71 |access-date= |publisher=Manchester University Press |language=en-US |doi= |isbn=978-1-5261-2775-4}}</ref>

Most of the executions took place over a ten-day period:
* 3 May: [[Patrick Pearse]], [[Thomas MacDonagh]] and [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Thomas Clarke]]
* 4 May: [[Joseph Plunkett]], [[William Pearse]], [[Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)|Edward Daly]] and [[Michael O'Hanrahan]]
* 5 May: [[John MacBride]]
* 8 May: [[Éamonn Ceannt]], [[Michael Mallin]], [[Seán Heuston]] and [[Con Colbert]]
* 12 May: [[James Connolly]] and [[Seán Mac Diarmada]]

The arrests greatly affected hundreds of families and communities; anti-English sentiment developed among the public, as separatists declared the arrests as indicative of a draconian approach.<ref name=":5" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=57}} The public, at large, feared that the response was "an assault on the entirety of the Irish national cause".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levene |first=Mark |date=2018 |title=From Armenian Red Sunday to Irish Easter Rising: Incorporating Insurrectionary Politics into the History of the Great War's Genocidal Turn, 1915-16 |url=https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-sijis/article/view/7315 |journal=Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies |volume=8 |language=en |issue=8 |pages=109–134 |doi=10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-23316}}</ref> This radical transformation was recognised in the moment and had become a point of concern among British authorities; after Connolly's execution, the remaining death sentences were commuted to penal servitude.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1916/may/11/continuance-of-martial-law |title=House of Commons debate, 11 May 1916: Continuance of martial law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501161054/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1916/may/11/continuance-of-martial-law |archive-date=1 May 2016 |url-status=live |date=11 May 1916 |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/easter-rising-1916-the-aftermath-arrests-and-executions-1.2583019 |title=Easter Rising 1916 – the aftermath: arrests and executions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505142041/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/easter-rising-1916-the-aftermath-arrests-and-executions-1.2583019 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=24 March 2016}}</ref><ref>Foy and Barton, p. 325</ref> Growing support for republicanism can be found as early as June 1916; imprisonment largely failed to deter militants – interned rebels would proceed to fight at higher rates than those who weren't – who thereafter quickly reorganised the movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGuire |first=Charlie |date=2018 |title='They'll never understand why I'm here': British Marxism and the Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2017.1401472 |journal=Contemporary British History |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=147–168 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2017.1401472 |s2cid=148784963 |issn=1361-9462}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Noonan |first=Gerard |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781380260.001.0001 |title=The IRA in Britain, 1919-1923 |date=2014 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78138-026-0 |pages=33|doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781781380260.001.0001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huff |first=Connor |date=2023 |title=Counterinsurgency Tactics, Rebel Grievances, and Who Keeps Fighting |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/counterinsurgency-tactics-rebel-grievances-and-who-keeps-fighting/33AE2D679AFED94755E0D6CE5AAAB483 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=118 |language=en |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1017/S0003055423000059 |issn=0003-0554}}</ref>

==== Frongoch prison camp ====
{{Main|Frongoch internment camp}}
Under Regulation 14B of the [[Defence of the Realm Act 1914]] 1,836 men were [[Internment|interned]] at internment camps and prisons in England and [[Wales]].<ref name="foy294" /> As urban areas were becoming the nexus for republicanism, Internees were largely from such areas.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|Electoral support for republicanism was, however, more prominent in rural areas.<ref name=":0" />}} Many Internees had not taken part in the Rising; many thereafter became sympathetic to the nationalist cause.<ref name=":4" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=69}}

Internees occupied themselves with the likes of lectures, craftwork, music and sports. These activities – which included games of [[Gaelic football]], crafting of Gaelic symbols, and lessons in [[Irish language|Irish]] – regularly had a nationalist character and the cause itself developed a sense of cohesion within the camps.<ref name=":10" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=60}} The military studies included discussion of the Rising.<ref name="wales">{{Cite journal |last=Helmers |first=Marguerite |date=2018 |title=Handwritten Rebellion: Autograph Albums of Irish Republican Prisoners in Frognach |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2018.0028 |journal=New Hibernia Review |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=20–38 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2018.0028 |s2cid=151075988 |issn=1534-5815}}</ref> Internment lasted until December of that year with releases having started in July.<ref name="wales" /> Martial law had ceased by the end of November.<ref name="press" />

Casement was tried in London for [[high treason]] and [[Hanging|hanged]] at [[Pentonville (HM Prison)|Pentonville Prison]] on 3 August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Execution of Roger Casement |work=Midland Daily Telegraph |date=3 August 1916 |access-date=1 January 2015 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/19160803/023/0003 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref>