Editing Duke (section)

=== Iberian peninsula ===
When the [[Christians|Christian]] [[Reconquista]], sweeping the [[Moors]] from the former [[Caliph of Cordoba|Caliphate of Córdoba]] and its [[Taifa|taifa-remnants]], transformed the territory of former [[Suebi|Suevic]] and [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] realms into [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Feudalism|feudal]] principalities, none of these warlords was exactly styled duke. A few (as Portugal [[County of Portugal|itself]]) started as count (even if the title of ''dux'' was sometimes added), but soon all politically relevant princes were to use the royal style of king.

==== Portugal ====
{{main|List of dukedoms in Portugal}}

In Portugal, the title of duke was granted for the first time in 1415 to [[Pedro, Duke of Coimbra|infante Peter]] and [[Henry the Navigator|infante Henry]], the second and third sons of king [[John I of Portugal|John I]], following their participation in the successful [[Conquest of Ceuta]]. Pedro became the first [[Duke of Coimbra]] and Henry the first [[Duke of Viseu]].

From the reign of king [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]], the title of [[Duke of Beja]] was given to the second son of the monarch. This was changed during the Liberal regime in the 19th century (with [[Maria II of Portugal|Queen Maria II]]), when the first infante (second son of the monarch) got the title of [[Duke of Porto]] and the second infante (third son) was known as Duke of Beja.

There are examples of duke as a subsidiary title, granted to the most powerful noble houses:
* [[Duke of Barcelos]], to be used by the heir of the [[Duke of Braganza]];
* [[Duke of Torres Novas]], to be used by the heir of the [[Duke of Aveiro]];
* [[Duke of Miranda do Corvo]], to be used by the heir of the [[Duke of Lafões]].

Usually, the title of duke was granted to relatives of the royal family, such as the infantes or natural sons of the monarch. There are exceptions, such as [[António José de Ávila, 1st Duke of Ávila and Bolama|António José de Ávila]], who, although not having any relation to the royal family, was given the title of [[Duke of Ávila and Bolama]] in the 19th century.

==== Spain ====
{{main|List of dukedoms in Spain}}
Spanish infantes and infantas are usually given a royal dukedom upon marriage, excepting the heir apparent who is the [[Prince of Asturias]]. Those titles are nowadays not hereditary but carry a [[Grandee|grandeeship of Spain]]. The current royal duchesses are [[Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria]] (although she inherited the title of [[Duke of Hernani|Duchess of Hernani]] from her cousin and is the second holder of the title), and [[Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo]]. In Spain all dukes hold the court rank of grandee, which has precedence over all other noble titles.

The last non-royal hereditary dukedom created was the title of [[Duke of Suárez]] in favour of former primer minister [[Adolfo Suárez]] in 1981. Since the accession of [[Felipe VI|King Felipe VI]] to the [[Monarchy of Spain|throne]] in 2014, no new noble title has been created.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Confidencial |first=Monarquía |date=4 November 2020 |title=Felipe VI no ha concedido un solo título nobiliario en todo su reinado |url=https://monarquia.elconfidencialdigital.com/articulo/espana/felipe-vi-ha-concedido-solo-titulo-nobiliario-todo-reinado/20201103200251043776.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Monarquía Confidencial |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ejerique |first=Raúl Sánchez, Raquel |date=17 September 2016 |title=Felipe VI cierra el grifo de los condes, duques y marqueses |url=https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/felipe-vi-nobles-primeros-reinado_1_3846049.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=elDiario.es |language=es}}</ref>