Editing Douglas MacArthur (section)

===Field Marshal of the Philippine Army===
When the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] achieved semi-independent status in 1935, [[President of the Philippines]] Manuel Quezon asked MacArthur to supervise the creation of a Philippine Army. Quezon and MacArthur had been personal friends since the latter's [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.|father]] had been [[Governor-General of the Philippines]], 35 years earlier. With President Roosevelt's approval, MacArthur accepted the assignment. It was agreed that MacArthur would receive the rank of [[field marshal]], with its salary and allowances, in addition to his major general's salary as [[Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines|Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines]].{{sfn|James|1970|pp=479–484}} This made him the best-paid soldier in the world.<!--"MacArthur's contract with the Philippines guaranteed him an annual salary equivalent to $18,000 per year plus $15,000 in yearly allowances. This was on top of MacArthur's full pay as a U.S. major general, since he would remain on active duty. He thus became the best-paid soldier in the world."-->{{sfn|Frank|2007|p=34}} It would be his fifth tour in the Far East. MacArthur sailed from San Francisco on the {{SS|President Hoover}} in October 1935,{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=103}} accompanied by his mother and sister-in-law. He brought Eisenhower and Major [[James B. Ord]] along as his assistants.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=485–486}} Another passenger on the ''President Hoover'' was [[Jean MacArthur|Jean Marie Faircloth]], an unmarried 37-year-old socialite. Over the next two years, MacArthur and Faircloth were frequently seen together.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=494–495}} His mother became gravely ill during the voyage and died in Manila on 3 December 1935.{{sfn|Petillo|1981|pp=175–176}}

[[File:CampMurphy.jpg|thumb|left|Ceremony at [[Camp Aguinaldo|Camp Murphy]], 15 August 1941, marking the induction of the Philippine Army Air Corps. Behind MacArthur, from left to right, are Lieutenant Colonel Richard K. Sutherland, Colonel [[Harold H. George]], Lieutenant Colonel [[William F. Marquat]] and Major [[LeGrande A. Diller]].|alt=MacArthur stands in uniform at four microphones on stands. Behind him four men in army uniforms stand at attention. There are viewed by a large crowd of well-dressed men, women and children in skirts, suits and uniforms.]]
President Quezon officially conferred the title of field marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony at [[Malacañan Palace]] on 24 August 1936. [[Eisenhower]] recalled finding the ceremony "rather fantastic". He found it "pompous and rather ridiculous to be the field marshal of a virtually nonexisting army." Eisenhower learned later on that the field-marshalship had not been (as he had assumed) Quezon's idea. "I was surprised to learn from him that he had not initiated the idea at all; rather, Quezon said that MacArthur himself came up with the high-sounding title."{{sfn|James|1970|p=506}} (A persistent myth has pervaded the biographical literature, to the effect that MacArthur wore a "specially designed [[sharkskin]] uniform" at the 1936 ceremony to go with his new rank of Philippine Field Marshal. Richard Meixsel has debunked this story; in fact the special uniform was "the creation of a poorly informed journalist in 1937 who mistook a recently introduced U.S. Army white dress uniform for a distinctive field marshal's attire.")<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meixsel |first1=Richard |title=A Uniform Story |journal=The Journal of Military History |date=2005 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=791–799|doi=10.1353/jmh.2005.0172 |s2cid=159484676 | issn=0899-3718}}</ref>

The Philippine Army was formed from conscription. Training was conducted by a regular cadre, and the [[Philippine Military Academy]] was created along the lines of West Point to train officers.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=103–105}} MacArthur and Eisenhower found that few of the training camps had been constructed and the first group of 20,000 trainees did not report until early 1937.{{sfn|James|1970|p=504}} Equipment and weapons were "more or less obsolete" American cast offs, and the budget was completely inadequate.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=103–105}} MacArthur's requests for equipment fell on deaf ears, although MacArthur and his naval adviser, Lieutenant Colonel Sidney L. Huff, persuaded the Navy to initiate the development of the [[PT boat]].{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=106}} Much hope was placed in the [[Philippine Army Air Corps]], but the first squadron was not organized until 1939.{{sfn|James|1970|p=547}} Article XIX of the 1922 [[Washington Naval Treaty#Pacific bases|Washington Naval Treaty]] banned the construction of new fortifications or naval bases in all Pacific Ocean territories and colonies of the five signatories from 1923 to 1936. Also, military bases like at [[Clark Air Base|Clark]] and [[Fort Mills|Corregidor]] were not allowed to be expanded or modernized during that 13-year period. For example, the [[Malinta Tunnel#Construction|Malinta Tunnel]] on Corregidor was constructed from 1932 to 1934 with condemned [[TNT]] and without a single dollar from the U.S. government because of the treaty. This added to the numerous challenges facing MacArthur and Quezon.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Washington Naval Conference, 1921–1922 |series= Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations |publisher= Office of the Historian, U. S. Department of State |url= https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/naval-conference |access-date= 11 April 2021 |quote= "Though [the Five-Power Treaty] was widely regarded as a success, the inclusion of Article XIX, which recognized the status quo of U.S., British, and Japanese bases in the Pacific but outlawed their expansion, created a controversy amongst U.S. policymakers. Many of the members of the U.S. Navy in particular worried that limiting the expansion of fortifications in the Pacific would endanger U.S. holdings in Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines." |archive-date= 29 December 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171229003632/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/naval-conference |url-status= live }}</ref>

In Manila, MacArthur was a member of the [[Freemasons]]. On 28 March 1936, he became a 32nd degree Scottish Rite Freemason.{{sfn|Denslow|1957|p=112}}<ref>{{cite web |title= Famous Freemasons, M–Z |website= Lodge St. Patrick, New Zealand |url= http://www.lodgestpatrick.co.nz/famous2.php#M |access-date= 11 April 2021 |archive-date= 24 August 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150824085224/http://www.lodgestpatrick.co.nz/famous2.php#M |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Douglas MacArthur: Mason at Sight |url=https://scottishritenmj.org/blog/general-macarthur-freemason |website=scottishritenmj.org |access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>

MacArthur married Jean Faircloth in a civil ceremony on 30 April 1937.{{sfn|James|1970|p=513}} Their marriage produced a son, [[Arthur MacArthur IV]], who was born in Manila on 21 February 1938.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=107}} On 31 December 1937, MacArthur officially retired from the Army. He ceased to represent the U.S. as military adviser to the government, but remained as Quezon's adviser in a civilian capacity.{{sfn|James|1970|p=525}} Eisenhower returned to the U.S., and was replaced as MacArthur's chief of staff by Lieutenant Colonel [[Richard K. Sutherland]], while [[Richard J. Marshall]] became deputy chief of staff.{{sfn|Rogers|1990|pp=39–40}}