Editing Domestication (section)

=== On diversity ===

{{further|Sustainable agriculture}}

[[File:Wheat harvest.jpg|thumb|Industrialized agriculture on land with a simplified ecosystem]]

Domesticated ecosystems provide food, reduce predator and natural dangers, and promote commerce, but their creation has resulted in habitat alteration or loss, and multiple extinctions commencing in the Late Pleistocene.<ref name="Boivin Zeder Fuller 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Boivin |first1=Nicole L. |last2=Zeder |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Fuller |first3=Dorian Q. |last4=Crowther |first4=Alison |last5=Larson |first5=Greger |last6=Erlandson |first6=Jon M. |last7=Denham |first7=Tim |last8=Petraglia |first8=Michael D. |display-authors=3 |title=Ecological consequences of human niche construction: Examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=23 |pages=6388–6396 |date=2016 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1525200113 |pmid=27274046 |pmc=4988612 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6388B |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Domestication reduces [[genetic diversity]] of the domesticated population, especially of alleles of genes targeted by selection.<ref name="Flint-Garcia 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Flint-Garcia |first=Sherry A. |date=2013-09-04 |title=Genetics and Consequences of Crop Domestication |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=61 |issue=35 |pages=8267–8276 |doi=10.1021/jf305511d |pmid=23718780 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013JAFC...61.8267F }}</ref> One reason is a [[population bottleneck]] created by artificially selecting the most desirable individuals to breed from. Most of the domesticated strain is then born from just a few ancestors, creating a situation similar to the [[founder effect]].<ref name="Brown 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Terence A. |date=April 2019 |title=Is the domestication bottleneck a myth? |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-019-0404-1 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=337–338 |doi=10.1038/s41477-019-0404-1 |pmid=30962526 |bibcode=2019NatPl...5..337B |s2cid=102353100}}</ref> Domesticated populations such as of dogs, rice, sunflowers, maize, and horses have an increased [[Genetic load|mutation load]], as expected in a population bottleneck where genetic drift is enhanced by the small population size. Mutations can also be fixed in a population by a [[selective sweep]].<ref name="Allaby Ware Kistler 2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Allaby |first1=Robin G. |last2=Ware |first2=Roselyn L. |last3=Kistler |first3=Logan |date=January 2019 |title=A re-evaluation of the domestication bottleneck from archaeogenomic evidence |journal=Evolutionary Applications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |doi=10.1111/eva.12680 |pmc=6304682 |pmid=30622633|bibcode=2019EvApp..12...29A }}</ref><ref name="Shepherd Lange Simon 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=Lara D. |last2=Lange |first2=Peter J. de |last3=Cox |first3=Simon |last4=McLenachan |first4=Patricia A. |last5=Roskruge |first5=Nick R. |last6=Lockhart |first6=Peter J. |date=2016-03-24 |title=Evidence of a Strong Domestication Bottleneck in the Recently Cultivated New Zealand Endemic Root Crop, Arthropodium cirratum (Asparagaceae) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=e0152455 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0152455 |pmc=4806853 |pmid=27011209 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1152455S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mutational load can be increased by reduced selective pressure against moderately harmful traits when reproductive fitness is controlled by human management.<ref name="Frantz Bradley Larson 2020"/> However, there is evidence against a bottleneck in crops, such as barley, maize, and sorghum, where genetic diversity slowly declined rather than showing a rapid initial fall at the point of domestication.<ref name="Allaby Ware Kistler 2019"/><ref name="Brown 2019"/> Further, the genetic diversity of these crops was regularly replenished from the natural population.<ref name="Allaby Ware Kistler 2019"/> Similar evidence exists for horses, pigs, cows, and goats.<ref name="Frantz Bradley Larson 2020"/>