Editing Deforestation (section)

=== Military causes ===
{{See also|Environmental impact of war}}
[[File:US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|[[U.S. Army]] [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|Huey helicopter]] spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Vietnam War]]]]
Operations in [[war]] can also cause deforestation. For example, in the 1945 [[Battle of Okinawa]], [[bombardment]] and other [[Military operation|combat operations]] reduced a lush tropical landscape into "a vast field of mud, lead, decay and maggots".<ref>Higa, Takejiro. [http://nisei.hawaii.edu/object/11_takejiro.html Battle of Okinawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720144740/http://nisei.hawaii.edu/object/11_takejiro.html|date=20 July 2011}}, The Hawaii Nisei Project</ref>

Deforestation can also result from the intentional [[military tactics|tactics]] of [[military forces]]. [[clearing (geography)|Clearing]] forests became an element in the Russian Empire's successful [[Caucasian War|conquest of the Caucasus]] in the mid-19th century.<ref>
{{cite book|last1=Arreguín-Toft|first1=Ivan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbweTAoZ_3YC|title=How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict|date=8 December 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521839761|series=Cambridge Studies in International Relations|volume=99|location=Cambridge|page=61|quote=[...] Voronzov [...] then set about organizing a more methodical destruction of Shamil and the subsequent conquest of the Caucasus. Over the next decade, this involved nothing more complicated or less deadly than the deforestation of Chechnia.|access-date=17 June 2018}}
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The British (during the [[Malayan Emergency]]) and the United States (in the [[Korean War]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 May 2011|title=DEFOLIANT DEVELOPED BY US WAS FOR KOREAN WAR|work=States News Services}}</ref> and in the [[Vietnam War]]) used [[defoliant]]s (like [[Agent Orange]] or others).<ref>{{cite book|title=Pesticide Dilemma in the Third World: A Case Study of Malaysia|publisher=Phoenix Press|year=1984|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse|title=Encyclopedia of World Environmental History|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0-415-93732-0|editor-last=Krech III|editor-first=Shepard|editor2-last=Merchant|editor2-first=Carolyn|editor3-last=McNeill|editor3-first=John Robert}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book|author=Marchak, M. Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi-xLllDK8oC&pg=PA157|title=Logging the globe|date=18 September 1995|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-1346-4|pages=157–|access-date=4 December 2011}}
</ref>{{request quotation|date=June 2018}} The destruction of forests in Vietnam War is one of the most commonly used examples of [[ecocide]], including by Swedish Prime Minister [[Olof Palme]], lawyers, historians and other academics.<ref name="Zierler-2011">{{Cite book|last=Zierler|first=David|title=The invention of ecocide: agent orange, Vietnam, and the scientists who changed the way we think about the environment|date=2011|publisher=Univ. of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-3827-9|location=Athens, Ga.}}</ref><ref name="Falk-1973">{{Cite journal|last=Falk|first=Richard A.|date=1973|title=Environmental Warfare and Ecocide — Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44480206|journal=Bulletin of Peace Proposals|volume=4|issue=1|pages=80–96|doi=10.1177/096701067300400105|issn=0007-5035|jstor=44480206|s2cid=144885326}}</ref><ref name="Giovanni-2022">{{Cite journal|last=Giovanni|first=Chiarini|date=2022-04-01|title=Ecocide: From the Vietnam War to International Criminal Jurisdiction? Procedural Issues In-Between Environmental Science, Climate Change, and Law|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4072727|journal=Cork Online Law Review|language=en|ssrn=4072727}}</ref>