Editing Deer (section)

==Taxonomy and classification==

{{Further|List of cervids}}
[[File:Cervid skull-FMVZ USP-21.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.75|Cervid skull]]
Deer constitute the [[artiodactyl]] [[family (biology)|family]] Cervidae. This family was first [[scientific description|described]] by German zoologist [[Georg August Goldfuss]] in ''Handbuch der Zoologie'' (1820). Three [[subfamily|subfamilies]] were recognised: Capreolinae (first described by the English zoologist [[Joshua Brookes]] in 1828), Cervinae (described by Goldfuss) and Hydropotinae (first described by French zoologist [[Édouard Louis Trouessart]] in 1898).<ref name=Groves2007>{{cite book | last1=Groves | first1=C. | author-link1=Colin Groves | chapter=Family Cervidae | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qO8H_alEofAC&pg=PA249 | editor1-last=Prothero | editor1-first=D. R. | editor1-link=Donald Prothero | editor2-last=Foss | editor2-first=S. E. | title=The Evolution of Artiodactyls | date=2007 | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | location=Baltimore, US | isbn=978-0-801-88735-2 | pages=249–56 | edition=Illustrated}}</ref><ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 | id=14200205 | page=652–70}}</ref>

Other attempts at the classification of deer have been based on morphological and [[Genetics|genetic]] differences.<ref name="Goss1983">{{cite book | first1=R. J. | last1=Goss | title=Deer Antlers Regeneration, Function and Evolution | date=1983 | publisher=Elsevier | location=Oxford, UK | isbn=9780323140430 | pages=43–51}}</ref> The Anglo-Irish naturalist [[Victor Brooke]] suggested in 1878 that deer could be bifurcated into two classes on the according to the features of the second and fifth [[metacarpal bone]]s of their forelimbs: Plesiometacarpalia (most Old World deer) and Telemetacarpalia (most New World deer). He treated the [[musk deer]] as a cervid, placing it under Telemetacarpalia. While the telemetacarpal deer showed only those elements located far from the joint, the plesiometacarpal deer retained the elements closer to the joint as well.<ref name="Brooke1878">{{cite journal | last1=Brooke | first1=V. | title=On the classification of the Cervidœ, with a synopsis of the existing species | journal=[[Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London]] | date=1878 | volume=46 | issue=1 | pages=883–928 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1878.tb08033.x| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/73538 }}</ref> Differentiation on the basis of [[diploidy|diploid]] number of [[chromosome]]s in the late 20th century has been flawed by several inconsistencies.<ref name=Goss1983/>

In 1987, the zoologists [[Colin Groves]] and [[Peter Grubb (zoologist)|Peter Grubb]] identified three subfamilies: Cervinae, Hydropotinae and Odocoileinae; they noted that the hydropotines lack antlers, and the other two subfamilies differ in their skeletal morphology.<ref name="Groves1987">{{cite book | last1=Groves | first1=C. | author1-link=Colin Groves | last2=Grubb | first2=P. | author2-link=Peter Grubb (zoologist) | editor1-last=Wemmer | editor1-first=C. | title=Biology and Management of the Cervidae : A Conference held at the Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Front Royal, Virginia, August 1–5, 1982 | date=1987 | publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press | location=Washington, US | isbn=978-0-87474-981-6 | pages=21–59 | chapter=Relationships of living deer}}</ref> They reverted from this classification in 2000.<ref name="Grubb2000">{{cite journal | last1=Grubb | first1=P. | author-link1=Peter Grubb (zoologist) | title=Valid and invalid nomenclature of living and fossil deer, Cervidae | journal=Acta Theriologica | date=2000 | volume=45 | issue=3 | pages=289–307 | url=http://rcin.org.pl/Content/13017/BI002_2613_Cz-40-2_Acta-T44-nr29-289-307_o.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://rcin.org.pl/Content/13017/BI002_2613_Cz-40-2_Acta-T44-nr29-289-307_o.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | doi=10.4098/at.arch.00-30| doi-access=free }}</ref><!--is this not merely a minor footnote?-->

Molecular phylogenetic analyses since the latter half of the 2000s all show that ''[[hydropotes]]'' is a sister taxon of ''[[Capreolus]]'', and “Hydropotinae” became outdated subfamily.<ref name=Pitra>{{cite journal |author1=Christian Pitra |author2=Joerns Fickel |author3=Eric Meijaard|author4=Colin grooves |title=Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2004 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=880–895 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013|pmid=15522810|bibcode=2004MolPE..33..880P |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790304002374}}</ref><ref name=Gilbert>{{cite journal |author1=Gilbert, C. |author2=Ropiquet, A. |author3=Hassanin, A. |title=Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2006 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017 |pmid=16584894 |bibcode=2006MolPE..40..101G |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7194962}}</ref><ref name = A>Hassanin, A., Delsuc, F., Ropiquet, A., Hammer, C., van Vuuren, B. J., Matthee, C., Ruiz-Garcia, M., Catzeflis, F., Areskoug, V., Nguyen, T. T., & Couloux, A. (2012). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631069111002800 Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes.] Comptes Rendus Biologies, 335(1), 32–50.</ref><ref name = B>Heckeberg, N. S., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G., & Rössner, G. E. (2016). [https://peerj.com/articles/2307/ Systematic relationships of five newly sequenced cervid species.] PeerJ, 4, e2307.</ref><ref name =C>Heckeberg, N. S. (2020). [https://peerj.com/articles/8114/ The systematics of the Cervidae: A total evidence approach.] PeerJ, 8, e8114.</ref>

===External relationships===

Until 2003, it was understood that the family [[Moschidae]] (musk deer) was [[sister taxon|sister]] to Cervidae. Then a [[phylogenetic]] study by Alexandre Hassanin (of [[National Museum of Natural History (France)|National Museum of Natural History, France]]) and colleagues, based on [[mitochondria]]l and [[nucleus (biology)|nuclear]] analyses, revealed that Moschidae and [[Bovidae]] form a [[clade]] sister to Cervidae. According to the study, Cervidae [[genetic divergence|diverged]] from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade 27 to 28 million years ago.<ref name="Hassanin2003">{{cite journal | last1=Hassanin | first1=A. | last2=Douzery | first2=E. J. P. | title=Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae | journal=Systematic Biology | date=2003 | volume=52 | issue=2 | pages=206–28 | doi=10.1080/10635150390192726 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10760976 | pmid=12746147| doi-access=free }}</ref> The following [[cladogram]] is based on the 2003 study.<ref name="Hassanin2003"/>

{{Clade | style=font-size: 100%; line-height:100%
 | label1=[[Ruminantia]]
 | 1={{clade
 | label1=[[Tragulina]]
 | 1=[[Tragulidae]] [[File:Tragulus napu - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|50 px]]
 | label2=[[Pecora]]
 | 2={{clade
 | 1=[[Antilocapridae]] [[File:Antilocapra white background.jpg|50 px]]
 | 2=[[Giraffidae]] [[File:Giraffa camelopardalis Brockhaus white background.jpg|50 px]]
 | 3={{clade
 | 1='''Cervidae''' [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Hangul white background.png|50 px]]
 | 2={{clade
 | 1=[[Bovidae]] [[File:Birds and nature (1901) (14562088237) white background.jpg |50px]]
 | 2=[[Moschidae]] [[File:Moschus chrysogaster white background.jpg|50 px]]
 }}
 }}
 }}
 }}
}}

===Internal relationships===

A 2006 [[phylogenetic]] study of the internal relationships in Cervidae by Clément Gilbert and colleagues divided the family into two major clades: Capreolinae (telemetacarpal or New World deer) and Cervinae (plesiometacarpal or Old World deer). Studies in the late 20th century suggested a similar bifurcation in the family. This as well as previous studies support [[monophyly]] in Cervinae, while Capreolinae appears [[paraphyletic]]. The 2006 study identified two lineages in Cervinae, Cervini (comprising the genera ''[[Axis (genus)|Axis]]'', ''[[Cervus]]'', ''[[Dama (deer)|Dama]]'' and ''[[Rucervus]]'') and Muntiacini (''[[Muntiacus]]'' and ''[[Elaphodus]]''). Capreolinae featured three lineages, Alceini (''[[Alces]]'' species), Capreolini (''[[Capreolus]]'' and the subfamily Hydropotinae) and Rangiferini (''[[Blastocerus]]'', ''[[Hippocamelus]]'', ''[[Mazama (genus)|Mazama]]'', ''[[Odocoileus]]'', ''[[Pudu]]'' and ''[[Reindeer|Rangifer]]'' species). The following cladogram is based on the 2006 study.<ref name="Gilbert2006">{{cite journal | last1=Gilbert | first1=C. | last2=Ropiquet | first2=A. | last3=Hassanin | first3=A. | title=Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | date=2006 | volume=40 | issue=1 | pages=101–17 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7194962 | pmid=16584894| bibcode=2006MolPE..40..101G }}</ref>

<!--a small no. of images selected to show range of variation: no need to try to show everything per [[WP:NOTCAT]]-->
{{Clade | style=font-size: 90%; line-height:100%
 | label1='''Cervidae'''
 | 1={{clade
 | label1=[[Cervinae]] (Old World deer)
 | 1={{clade
 | label1=[[Muntiacini]]
 | 1={{clade
 | 1=[[Reeves's muntjac]] 
 | 2=[[Tufted deer]] [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Michie's tufted deer white background.png| 50px]]
 }}
 | label2=[[Cervini]]
 | 2={{clade
 | 1={{clade
 | 1={{clade
 | 1=[[Common fallow deer]] [[File:Cervus dama - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica -(white background).jpg| 50px]]
 | 2=[[Persian fallow deer]] [[File:Cervus dama (var. nigra) - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - (white background).jpg| 50px]]
 }}
 | 2={{clade
 | 1={{clade
 | 1={{clade
 | 1=[[Javan rusa|Rusa]][[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Moluccan rusa white background.png| 50px]]
 | 2=[[Sambar deer|Sambar]] [[File:Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (1852) (Cervus unicolor).png| 50px]]
 }}
 | 2={{clade
 | 1=[[Red deer]] [[File:Cervus elaphus - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg| 50px]]
 | 2=[[Thorold's deer]] [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Thorold's deer white background.png| 50px]]
 | 3=[[Sika deer]] [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 22) (Cervus nippon).jpg| 50px]]
 | 4=[[Elk]] (Wapiti) [[File:Cervus canadensis - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg| 50px]]
 }}
 }}
 | 2={{clade
 | 1=[[Eld's deer]] [[File:Cervus hippelaphus - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - (white background).jpg| 50px]]
 | 2=[[Père David's deer]] [[File:Elaphurusdavidianus white background.jpg| 50px]]
 }}
 }}
 }}
 | 2={{clade
 | 1=[[Barasingha]][[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Swamp deer white background.png| 50px]]
 | 2={{clade
 | 1=[[Indian hog deer]]
 | 2=[[Chital]][[File:Cervus axis - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg| 50px]]
 }}
 }}
 }}
 }}
 | label2=[[Capreolinae]] (New World deer)
 | 2={{clade
 | label1=[[Rangiferini]]
 | 1={{clade
 | 1=[[Reindeer]] (Caribou) [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Scandinavian reindeer white background.png| 50px]]
 | 2={{clade
 | 1={{clade
 | 1=[[American red brocket]] [[File:PZSL1850PlateMammalia24 Mazama americana.png| 50px]]
 | 2={{clade
 | 1=[[White-tailed deer]] [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Virginia deer white background.png| 50px]]
 | 2=[[Mule deer]] [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Mule deer white background.png| 50px]]
 }}
 }}
 | 2={{clade
 | 1=[[Marsh deer]]
 | 2=[[Gray brocket]]
 | 3=[[Southern pudu]] [[File:Pudu puda Werner (white background).JPG| 50px]]
 | 4=[[Taruca]] [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Peruvian guemal white background.png| 50px]]
 }}
 }}
 }} 
 | label2=[[Capreolini]]
 | 2={{clade
 | 1=[[Roe deer]] [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) European roe deer white background.png|50px]]
 | label2=
 | 2=[[Water deer]] [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Chinese water deer white background.png|50px]]
 }}
 | label3=[[Alceini]]
 | 3=[[Moose]] or [[Moose|Eurasian elk]] [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Elk white background.png|50px]]
 }}
 }}
}}