Editing Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor (section)

===Relations with Eastern Europe===

====Bohemia====
The [[Duchy of Bohemia]] was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire in 1004 during the [[German–Polish War (1002–1018)|German–Polish War]]s, that lasted from 1002 to 1018. [[Emperor Henry II]] installed [[Jaromír, Duke of Bohemia|Jaromír]] as [[Duke of Bohemia]] and guaranteed protection against Polish aggression. Jaromír ruled only a small territory, however, as Poland had occupied the traditional Czech territories of [[Moravia]], [[Silesia]], [[Lesser Poland]] and [[Lusatia]]. In 1012, Jaromír was deposed by his brother [[Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia|Oldřich]], who assumed the Bohemian throne for himself. Following the resumption of hostilities between the Empire and Poland in 1028, Oldřich went on the offensive against Poland, reconquering Moravia by 1029, which helped to stabilize his duchy. The war ended in 1031 when the Polish king [[Mieszko II Lambert|Mieszko II]] surrendered to Conrad. During the following civil war, Mieszko was forced to flee Poland for Bohemia, where Oldřich had him imprisoned and castrated in revenge for the torture Mieszko's father, [[Bolesław I of Poland]], inflicted upon Duke [[Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus III]], Oldřich's brother, thirty years before.<ref name=mie/><ref name="Prague09">{{Cite book |last1=Cosmas (of Prague) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7igBN41oUC&pg=PA105 |title=The Chronicle of the Czechs |last2=Cosmas of Prague |last3=Côme de Prague |publisher=CUA Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8132-1570-9 |pages=105–}}</ref>

Poland did not stabilize in the wake of Mieszko's exile, forcing Conrad to convene an assembly in July 1033 to issue the [[Treaty of Merseburg]] which restored Mieszko to the Polish throne. Conrad summoned Oldřich to appear at the assembly, but Oldřich refused. His absence raised the ire of the Emperor; Conrad, busy with securing his succession to the Burgundian throne, charged his son Duke [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry of Bavaria]] with punishing the recalcitrant Bohemian. At age 17, Henry's march on Bohemia was his first independent military command. The expedition was a complete success, as Henry deposed Oldřich and restored his brother Jaromír to the Bohemian throne. Oldřich's son [[Bretislav I|Bretislaus I]] was appointed as Count of [[Moravia]]. Oldřich himself was imprisoned in Bavaria, but in 1034 was pardoned and allowed to return to Bohemia.<ref name="Wolverton2012">{{Cite book |last=Lisa Wolverton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeFACISbhCgC&pg=PP6 |title=Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands |date= 2012 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0422-3 |pages=6–}}</ref> Oldřich deposed and blinded Jaromír, reclaimed the Bohemian throne, and exiled his son Bretislaus. While the reason for the conflict between father and son has been lost, it is assumed Bretislaus had supported Jaromír over his father. However, Oldřich died suddenly on 9 November 1034, allowing Bretislaus to return from exile. Though Jaromír was offered the throne, he declined in favour of his nephew. Bretislaus was then confirmed as the new Duke of Bohemia by Conrad II.{{sfn|Wolfram|2006|p=227}}

====Hungary====

[[File:Portrayal of Stephen I, King of Hungary on the coronation pall.jpg|thumb|Stephen as depicted on the coronation pall]]
With emperor Otto III's approval, Stephen was crowned as the first Christian [[king of Hungary]] on [[Christmas Day]], 1000.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=28}} Otto III's successor, [[Emperor Henry II]], was Stephen's brother-in-law by Stephen's marriage to Henry's sister [[Gisela of Hungary|Gisela]], furthering the friendly relationship between the Empire and Hungary. Under Conrad II, however, relations quickly turned hostile as Conrad pursued a more aggressive policy regarding eastern Europe.{{sfn|Lenkey|2003|p=90}} Conrad II expelled the [[Doge of Venice|Venetian doge]] [[Otto Orseolo]], the husband of Stephen's sister [[Grimelda of Hungary]] from Venice in 1026.{{sfn|Lenkey|2003|p=90}}{{sfn|Györffy|1994|p=148}} Conrad also persuaded the Bavarians to accept his own infant son, [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry]], as their duke in 1027, although Stephen's son, [[Saint Emeric of Hungary|Emeric of Hungary]], had a legitimate claim to the [[Duchy of Bavaria]] through his mother.{{sfn|Wolfram|2006|p=187}}

Emperor Conrad planned a marriage alliance with the [[Byzantine Empire]] and dispatched one of his advisors, Bishop [[Werner I (Bishop of Strasbourg)|Werner of Strasbourg]], to [[Constantinople]].{{sfn|Butler|Cumming|Burns|1998|p=159}}{{sfn|Wolfram|2006|pp=197–198}} The bishop presented himself as a pilgrim, but Stephen, who had been informed of his actual purpose, refused to let him enter the country in the autumn of 1027.{{sfn|Butler|Cumming|Burns|1998|p=159}}{{sfn|Wolfram|2006|pp=197–198}} Conrad's biographer [[Wipo of Burgundy]] recorded that the Bavarians incited skirmishes along the common Imperial-Hungarian border in 1029, causing a rapid deterioration in relations between the two countries.{{sfn|Györffy|1994|p=149}}{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=74}} In 1030, open conflict erupted. Conrad launched an invasion into Hungary but was forced to retreat when the Hungarians successfully used [[scorched earth]] tactics. Conrad departed to address the problem with his stepson [[Ernest II, Duke of Swabia|Ernest II]], the deposed [[Duke of Swabia]], leaving matters in Hungary to his son Henry. Henry settled the conflict by 1031 by bestowing titles to eastern Bavarian lands between the [[Lajta]] and [[Fischa]] rivers to the Hungarian nobility. Hungary and the Empire remained at peace from 1031 to Henry's own reign as Emperor in 1040.{{sfn|Györffy|1994|pp=149–150}}