Editing Circadian rhythm (section)

===Outside the "master clock"===
More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". Indeed, neuroscientist Joseph Takahashi and colleagues stated in a 2013 article that "almost every cell in the body contains a circadian clock".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mohawk JA, Green CB, Takahashi JS | title = Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals | journal = Annual Review of Neuroscience | volume = 35 | pages = 445–62 | date = July 14, 2013 | pmid = 22483041 | pmc = 3710582 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153128 }}</ref>  For example, these clocks, called peripheral oscillators, have been found in the adrenal gland, [[oesophagus]], [[lungs]], [[liver]], [[pancreas]], [[spleen]], [[thymus]], and skin.<ref>Id.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pendergast JS, Niswender KD, Yamazaki S | title = Tissue-specific function of Period3 in circadian rhythmicity | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = e30254 | date = January 11, 2012 | pmid = 22253927 | pmc = 3256228 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0030254 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...730254P | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Our Skin's Sense Of Time Helps Protect Against UV Damage| vauthors = Singh M |date=10 Oct 2013|website=NPR|access-date=19 Feb 2019|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/10/231437897/our-skins-sense-of-time-helps-protect-against-uv-damage}}</ref> There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abraham U, Granada AE, Westermark PO, Heine M, Kramer A, Herzel H | title = Coupling governs entrainment range of circadian clocks | journal = Molecular Systems Biology | volume = 6 | pages = 438 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21119632 | pmc = 3010105 | doi = 10.1038/msb.2010.92 }}</ref> and prostate<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cao Q, Gery S, Dashti A, Yin D, Zhou Y, Gu J, Koeffler HP | title = A role for the clock gene per1 in prostate cancer | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 69 | issue = 19 | pages = 7619–25 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19752089 | pmc = 2756309 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4199 }}</ref> may experience oscillations, at least when cultured.

Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kawara S, Mydlarski R, Mamelak AJ, Freed I, Wang B, Watanabe H, Shivji G, Tavadia SK, Suzuki H, Bjarnason GA, Jordan RC, Sauder DN | title = Low-dose ultraviolet B rays alter the mRNA expression of the circadian clock genes in cultured human keratinocytes | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume = 119 | issue = 6 | pages = 1220–3 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12485420 | doi = 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19619.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> In addition, many oscillators, such as [[liver cells]], for example, have been shown to respond to inputs other than light, such as feeding.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Damiola F, Le Minh N, Preitner N, Kornmann B, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U | title = Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 14 | issue = 23 | pages = 2950–61 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11114885 | pmc = 317100 | doi = 10.1101/gad.183500 }}</ref>